Creado por Paul Roberts
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Communitarianism The central premise within communitarian conceptions of social order is that communities and societies should limit selfish individualism | Conservative moral communitarianism rejects the individualistic rationalism of the Enlightenment and the privileging of individual rights over collective responsibilities |
concerned with the deterioration of private and public morality , the decline of the family , high crime rates , and the swelling of corruption in government | The Third Way - old style social democracy and neoliberalism |
Classical social democracy 1:Collectivisim, 2:Confined role for markets:the mixed or social economy 3:Full employment, 4:Strong egalitarianism | 5:Comprehensive welfare state, ”from cradle to grave” 6: Low ecological consciousness 7:Pervasive state involvement 8:State dominates over civil society |
Neoliberalism/Neoconservatism 1:Minimal government 2:Autonomous civil society 3:Market fundamentalism 4: Moral authoritarianism plus strong economic individualism | 5:Acceptance of inequality 6:Traditional nationalism 7:Welfare state as safety net 8:Low ecological consciousness |
Civic Engagement Putnam’s central thesis is that a well functioning regional economy together with a high level of political integration are the result of that region’s capacity to successfully amass social capital | Social capital here has three components: • Moral obligations and norms. • Social values (particularly trust) • Social networks (especially the membership of voluntary associations). |
the productive activity of social capital is manifest in its capacity to “facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit | Social Capital for Wellbeing • Durkheim – established a relationship between social cohesion and health. • People who are less socially isolated and more involved in social and civic activities are likely to have better health |
Ireland a Vision for Change (2006) accepts that factors associated with inadequate social capital are found to have an independent negative effect on mental health-such factors include: | • Lack of neighbourhood trust •A high level of problems in the local area • A poor level of local services • Infrequent contact with friends • Lack of social supports. |
Putnam’s Link -Social Capital and Health Social networks can help to secure tangible material assistance and thereby reduce stress Social networks can reinforce health norms | Social networks provide a platform for active engagement in lobbying campaigns for medical services Social networks provide positive opportunities for social interaction which may stimulate the body’s immune system |
Durkheim Mechanical Solidarity – social cohesion built on resemblance and similarity Organic Solidarity –social cohesion built on interdependance | •Bourdieu •Reproduction of inequality thru culture Cultural capital – embodied state, objectified state, institutionalized state Social capital –ties and connections which assist individuals |
Coleman Social capital exists in the structure of relations between individuals and is thus largely intangible Coleman –Four Important Forms of Social Capital | 1: Obligations and expections ( eg. Doing favours for and receiving favours 2: Informational potential Sharing useful information that may inform some future action) |
3: Norms and effective sanctions (eg. The establishment of community values and shared standards of behaviour) 4: Authority relations (eg.skilful leadership that informs others’ actions | •Components of Social Capital 1:Networks 2:Norms , Values ,Expectancies,Sanctions 3: trust |
• Bridging •Formed from the connections between people who have less in common , but may have an overlapping interest | for example , between , neighbours,colleagues ,or between different groups within a community. Good for “getting ahead |
• Linking •Derived from the links between people or organisations beyond peer boundaries ,cutting across status and similarity and enabling people to exert influence and reach resources outside their normal circles. | • Bonding – based on enduring ,multi faceted relationships between similar people with strong mutual commitments such as among friends ,family and other close-knit groups. Good for “getting by”. |
• Too much bonding and too little bridging can stifle and restrict personal initiative and innovation Too much bridging and too little bonding can leave individuals personally vulnerable | , insufficient linking social capital can leave specific social groups isolated from the centres of power and influence necessary for realisation of their rights and interests |
Dark side of social capital -Inner city gangs represent forms of social capital where the benefits of solidarity are harmful to bystanders -hate groups or inbred bureaucracies “ benefit from access to reserves of social capital just as much as anyone. | Everyone can use their connections as a way of advancing their interests , but some people’s connections are more valuable than others. |
Civil society as associational life Civil society is where people come together voluntarily for the benefit of themselves, others, for actions that lie beyond either the government or for-private-profit business | formal organisations such as voluntary and community organisations, faith-based organisations, trade unions includes informal groups, from the very local to global social movements. |
At its best, civil society activity enhances people’s lives, drawing on a range of human motivations which include compassion, altruism and our instincts for reciprocity | They can be bigoted and selfish. They can preach hatred and violence as well as love and generosity |
Civil society as a ‘good’ society civil society is sometimes used as a shorthand for the type of society we want to live in Commission’s view of a ‘good’ society include a commitment to social justice | mutuality a belief in the interdependence of lives behave towards others as you would have them behave towards you |
Civil society as the arenas for public deliberation the places where people and organisations discuss common interests, develop solutions to society’s most pressing problems and try to reconcile differences peacefully | physical – a community centre or meetings and events hosted by civil society groups or public bodies virtual – on the web |
The activity of civil society is motivated by hopes for society as a whole, as well as by a multitude of everyday concerns; and it achieves its momentum in part by creating spaces in which people are free to argue, imagine and decide. | Civil society is naturally diverse and argumentative of support from across the political spectrum for a profound change of direction from excessive consumerism and waste towards a greater concern for care, compassion and the quality |
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