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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| axial skeleton | all the bones from the cranium to the coccyx, compromised of 80 bones |
| appendicular skeleton | all bones not a part of axial skeleton, made up of 126 bones, appendages and limbs |
| how does the axial skeleton connect to the appendicular skeleton? | the pectoral girdle in the upper body, the pelvic girdle in the lower body |
| five major functions of skeleton | protect (vital organs), give shape (to the body), minerals (storage), blood (produces red and white cells), movement (joints) |
| tibia | larger shin bone, supports weight when upright (can function without fibula), long bone |
| fibula | smaller shin bone, many muscles connect here |
| femur | thigh bone, largest bone in the body (also strongest), long bone |
| tarsals | located in feet |
| phalanges | finger and toes, short bones |
| carpals | located in wrist |
| radius | between wrist and elbow, on pinky side, bigger bone (longer name) |
| ulna | on the thumb side, smaller bone (shorter name) |
| humerus | bone between elbow and scapula (how funny bone gets name) |
| scapula | shoulder blades, flat bone |
| clavicle | collarbone |
| cranium | skull, protects brain, flat bone |
| vertebrae | spinal cord, cervical - first seven vertebrae, thoracic - next 12, lumbar - next 5, sacrum - next 5 (fused), coccyx - last 4 (fused), irregular bones |
| ribs | protect lungs and heart, muscles in between are called intercostals |
| pelvis | hips... |
| functions of muscular system | create movement, maintain body posture, produce heat |
| types of muscle | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle |
| skeletal muscle | voluntarily controlled (consciously), provides movement |
| smooth muscle | controlled unconsciously (involuntary), located in lining of organs to allow function |
| cardiac muscle | found in the heart, involuntary muscle |
| agonist and antagonist muscles | muscles work in pairs, as one muscle contracts (agonist), the other relaxes (antagonist) |
| antagonist of triceps | biceps |
| antagonist of pectorials | rhomboids |
| antagonist of abdominals | erector spinae |
| antagonist of adductors | abductors |
| antagonist of quadriceps | hamstrings |
| voluntary muscle | creates movement in skeletal system, two types of voluntary muscle fibres (slow twitch and fast twitch) |
| slow twitch fibres | contract with little effort for long periods of time |
| fast twitch fibres | contract rapidly and powerfully, but tire quickly |
| pectorials | chest, one on each side of sternum |
| external oblique | runs alongside of abs |
| abductors | outside of thigh |
| quadricep | front of thigh |
| tibialis anterior | front, inside of calf |
| deltoids | on top of head of humerus, starts near clavicle |
| biceps | forearm, front of arm when palm faces forward |
| rectus abdominus | stomach |
| wrist flexors | forearm, front of arm when palm faces forward |
| adductors | inside of thigh |
| rhomboids | upper back, taper to spinal cord |
| erector spinae | lower back, make a diamond shape |
| gluteals | buttock region, three of them (minimus, maximus, medius) |
| sartorius | wraps around from front of leg (an adductor), to back of knee |
| gastrocnemius | main calf muscle |
| trapezius | 'back of clavicle' (in a sense), top of shoulders |
| triceps | upper arm, top muscle when held in classic body builder pose |
| latissimus dorsi | side of back, in the thoracic region |
| wrist extensors | forearm, back of arm when palm faces forward |
| hamstrings | back of thigh |
| soleus | a calf muscle, smaller than gastrocnemius |
| achilles tendon | back of ankle |
| types of joints | immovable (fibrous) joints, slightly moveable (cartilaginous) joints, freely moveable (synovial) joints |
| immovable (fibrous) joints | occurs where bones are fused together, no movement possible, eg sacrum and joints on the bones of the skull |
| slightly moveable (cartilaginous) joints | allow slight movement, have tough layer of cartilage between bones, eg joints of vertebrae |
| freely moveable (synovial) joints | allow free movement in a number of directions, eg hip, shoulder, knee, elbow |
| structure of joint | |
| joint actions | flexion + extension, abduction + adduction, rotation, circumduction, pronation + supernation, dorsiflexion + planterflexion |
| flexion + extension | flexion= two bones move close together, extension= two bones move further apart |
| abduction + adduction | abduction= movement of limb away from middle of body, adduction= movement of limb towards midline of body |
| rotation | turning of joint around horizontal axis, eg turning of head |
| circumduction | circular movement of a body part that makes a cone shaped airspace |
| pronation | turning of hand so that palm faces downwards |
| supernation | turning of hand so that palm faces upwards |
| dorsiflexion | flexing of the foot |
| plantarflexion | pointing the toe |
| circulatory system | consists of heart, blood vessels and blood, removes waste products from body cells, transports nutrients, O and H2O to body cells, circulates blood |
| the heart | pump that pushes blood around body, made up of cardiac muscle + 4 chambers, located slightly to the left of the chest cavity, protected by sternum, ribs and spinal column |
| structure of heart | |
| pulse | recording of the stretching and recoil of the walls of the aorta, felt most commonly in the neck (carotid pulse) and the wrist (radial pulse) |
| heart rate | pumps an average of 50 to 75 times/minute in a resting adult, fitter you are, lower your resting pulse rate, and the faster it returns to resting level after exercise |
| maximal heart rate | maximum rate that the heart is capable of beating, 220 - your age |
| basal heart rate | resting heart rate |
| blood vessels | elastic tubes that channel blood from all parts of body and return it to the heart |
| arteries | take blood away from the heart |
| aorta | main artery carrying blood away from the heart |
| blood in arteries | oxygenated, with the exception of the arteries on the right side of the heart, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
| branching of arteries | branch to form smaller arterioles, then become capillaries, microscopic blood vessels |
| capillaries | nutrients and gases are exchanged with the body tissue through walls of capillary, join to form venules (tiny veins), which link up to larger veins and return to the heart |
| colour of blood | artery - red blood (oxygenated), vein - dark red (deoxygenated) |
| respiratory system | supplies blood with fresh oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide (waste product) |
| structure of respiratory system |
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