Chemistry 30 Flash Cards {1}

Pregunta	Respuesta
Organic Compounds	Carbon based compounds, non-soluble, low melting points, non-polar, covalent bonds. Can include other molecules.
Inorganic Compounds	Opposite of organic, includes everything else. Soluble in water, ionic bonds, high melting points, polar.
Hydrocarbons	Organic molecules that are made only of carbon and hydrogen. 3 different types include Aliphatics, Alicyclics, and Aromatics.
Aliphatics	A type of hydrocarbon that includes Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes.
Alkanes	A type of aliphatic that is characterized by its single bonds and ANE ending. Are saturated. Include methane, ethane, propane, etc.
Alkenes	A type of aliphatic that is characterized by double bonds and the ENE ending. Have lower boiling points than alkanes because of the double bond.
Alkynes	A type of aliphatic that is characterized by triple bonds and the YNE ending. Have high boiling points because they have a linear structure.
Alicyclics	A type of hydrocarbon that has a ring like structure that is formed by connected carbons. Has the prefix CYCLO.
Aromatics	A type of hydrocarbon that has a benzene ring. Has the prefix BENZENE or PHENYL.
Structural Redundancy	When a name for an organic compound is not changed by the location of the branch. There is either a single location or any location, and therefore the parent carbon number does not need to be listed.
Structural Isomers	When there are two compounds that are chemically identical and have the same formula, but are given a different name.
Saturated Hydrocarbons	Include alkanes only because they only have single bonds between carbons.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons	Have more than one bond and use the extra bonding space on carbons. Everything except alkanes and cycloalkanes. Benzenes are unsaturated but act like they are saturated.
Functional Groups	Groups of molecules that have similar properties and act the same way. Include alcohols, carboxylic acids, etc.
Alcohols	Contain a hydroxyl group that is treated as a branch. They have hydrogen bonding and are polar molecules. Contain 3 structures: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Have the suffix "ol". Example is ethanol, methanol, etc.
Poly-alcohols	Have more than one hydroxyl group on the parent chain and therefore use the old prefixes (di, tri, etc.).
Carboxylic Acids	Have a COOH group located on the end of a chain. It has the naming suffix "oic" and a space, then "acid". Example is ethanoic acid.
Esters	Form from a reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. By-product of water because of a dehydration synthesis bond. Has the suffix "oate". There is a space between the parent and the branch name. The COO group is always located in the middle of the molecule.
Halocarbons	Also known as Alkyl Halides, these are molecules very similar to hydrocarbons except they include one or more halogen. They are ORGANIC. Halogens have one bond space and therefore act very similar to hydrogens. They use alphabetical order and change the name to bromo, chloro, fluoro, etc.
Distillation	Separating different types of hydrocarbons using condensation and boiling points in an oxygen free environment.
Fractional Distillation Tower	A type of mechanism that separates different types of fossil fuels. Substances with low boiling points are at the top, high are at the bottom.
Boiling Point	The point at which two molecules have enough kinetic energy to break their bonding attraction. Substances with strong intermolecular forces have high boiling points.
Homologous Series	A group of molecules with the same structure or functional group. Within a homologous series, larger molecules have higher boiling points.
LDF	London dispersion forces are an intermolecular force. The fewer electrons a molecule has, the smaller the LDF, and the smaller the LDF, the lower the boiling or condensation point.
Branched Hydrocarbons	Can be alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes. Have lower boiling points because they cannot pack tightly together. The protons and elections have less attraction between them.
Organic Reactions	Functional groups have similarities when reacting in an organic reaction. There are many different types including cracking, reforming, addition, substitution, elimination, esterification, and polymerization.
Cracking Reactions	Break apart large molecules to form smaller ones using heat or catalysts. Hydrogens are added or taken away depending on if the reactant is saturated or unsaturated.
Reforming Reactions	The opposite of a cracking reaction: taking two small substances and putting them together to make a larger compound. Can have saturated reactants and products.
Addition Reactions	Adding a substance such as a hydrogen or a halogen into an unsaturated molecule. It can have either a fixed amount or an excess amount of reactant, which affects how many bonds will be broken.
Substitution Reactions	Occurs with saturated substances and swaps a single thing. If a halogen is being substituted, it is catalyzed by light energy.
Elimination Reactions	Taking certain things out of a molecule by using a strong base. Halogens are always eliminated when there is a strong base and water is always a product of these reactions. There are two types of elimination—one where you add a base to take out a halogen, and one where you take out a hydroxyl group.
Esterification Reactions	Always occurs with an acid and an alcohol as the reactants, and an ester as the product. The alcohol forms the branch and the acid forms the parent chain. Needs H2SO4 as a catalyst.
Polymerization Reactions	Can either be condensation or addition polymerization. Forms a polymer, which is a substance that is made up of identical repeating units.
Addition Polymerization	When bonds are broken to add an identical molecule and a poly substance is formed. Will result in a few unbounded electrons.
Condensation Polymerization	When a di-carboxylic acid reacts with a dial and forms a di-ester. Basically esterification but on a larger scale.
Biological Polymer	Formed through condensation polymerization and includes lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Catalyst	A substance that makes the reaction faster, such as sulphuric acid or light energy. Shown on the reaction arrow between the products and the reactants.
Intermolecular Forces	Are not as strong as intramolecular forces. Include dipole dip force, LDP, and hydrogen bonding.
Hydrogen Bonding	Is an intermolecular force between molecules where hydrogen bonds to oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen. It is stronger than LDF and just as strong as DD.
Dipole-Dipole Forces	Are a type of intermolecular force that depends on the polarity of the molecule. It is attraction between the charge of two molecules. It is just as strong as hydrogen bonding and is stronger than LDP.

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