Social Studies Middle East

Pregunta	Respuesta
In the early 1900’s, Britain made three promises regarding the region of Palestine who were they written to and what did the promises state?	Hussein-McMahon Correspondence – If Arabs revolt against Ottomans during WWI, Britain will support independence of Palestine, Transjordan, Syria and Iraq Balfour Declaration – Britain announces support for establishment of national home for Jewish people in Palestine Sykes-Picot Agreement – Deal between Britain and France to carve up the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire and divide control of the region
Why did both the Palestinians and the Zionists feel betrayed by the British?	Palestinians felt betrayed by ongoing British rule and Jewish migration – they revolted from 1936-1939 but were brutally put down. Zionists felt betrayed by British attempts to limit migration and their alliance ended.
What was the United Nations Partition Plan? When was it?	1947 Partition (separate) the area into two countries Israel (Jewish State) and Palestine (Arab State) 55% of land goes to the Jews 45% of land goes to the Arabs Jerusalem: “international city” controlled by UN Accepted by Jews Rejected by Arabs
What happened immediately after Israel was declared a nation?	May 14, 1948: Israel is officially formed May 15, 1948: Israel attacked by six Arab nations Approx. 750,000 Palestinians fled or were forced to leave Over approx. 800,000 Jews in Arab countries also fled or were forced to leave for Israel Israel after war: Jordan controls West Bank and Egypt controls Gaza Strip Israel takes much of Palestine and western part of Jerusalem – eastern parts including religious sites taken by Jordan
What was nabka?	"Catastrophe" - Palestinians left with no land of their own
What was the 1967 war?	Israel believes neighbors are preparing for war  Israeli surprise attack against Egypt on June 5, 1967 Also attacks Syria, Jordan Within six days Israel defeats Egypt, Syria, Jordan Takes control of West Bank, Gaza Strip Controls all of Jerusalem Control of Sinai (from Egypt) Control of Golan Heights (from Syria)
What happened to the West Bank and Gaza Strip after the 1967 war?	Becomes Israeli occupied territories
What does Israel begin to do in the occupied territories after the 1967 war?	Build settlements
What does UN Resolution 194 state?	refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage or property
What does UN Resolution 242 state?	Calls for withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from the recently occupied territories “Just settlement” of the refugee problem Arab states must accept Israel’s right “to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force.”
What is the PLO?	Palestine Liberation Organization Founded in 1964 by Palestinian officials focused on forming Palestinian state Originally umbrella organization with various groups – teachers, lawyers, doctors, laborers and guerrilla fighters Guerrilla groups begin to dominate group as focus turns to armed struggle to achieve goal
Who was Yasir Arafat?	Chairman of the PLO beginning in 1969
What happened at the Camp David Accords in 1978	U.S. President Carter invites Egypt and Israel Egypt recognizes Israel as a country Israel gives Sinai peninsula back to Egypt First agreement between Israel and Arab nation
Who was Anwar Sadat?	President of Egypt who participated in Camp David Accords and signed first peace treaty with Israel Assassinated by Muslim extremists in Egypt for his efforts at peace with Israel
What was the Intifada?	1987: Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation, living conditions, and to demand independence Includes Palestinian demonstrations, strikes, boycotts, rock throwing and gasoline bombs Israeli military response Over 400 Israelis killed Over 1,500 Palestinians killed
What were the Oslo Peace Accords of the early 1990s?	1991-1993 Oslo Peace Accords: Palestinian leader Yassar Arafat and Israeli’s Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin met to begin to work out a peace deal that included each side recognizing the right of the other to exist
Who was Yitzhak Rabin?	Prime Minister of Israel, assassinated by Jewish extremists in 1995 for his work towards peace with Palestinians
What kicked off the Second Intifada?	In 2000, Israeli political figure Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount (Western Wall area and Al Aqsa Mosque area) in Jerusalem Palestinian violence erupts beginning the Second Intifada Buses, discos, hotels, fast food restaurants, etc in Israel blown up by Palestinian suicide bombers Israel responds militarily From June 2000-2008 Over 4500 Palestinians killed Over 1000 Israelis killed
What is Hamas?	Militant wing of PLO, considered a terrorist group by many
What are the current issues preventing peace?	Control of Jerusalem Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories Security barrier (wall) being built around Palestinian territories Restrictions of movement imposed by Israelis Terrorism Right of return for refugees
Who is Bashar al-Assad?	President of Syria, fighting against rebels to maintain control of Syria
Why did civil war break out in Syria?	Peaceful protests against authoritarian rule turned violent after government fired on protestors Members of military defected and formed the Free Syria Army starting a civil war against the government in 2011 Multiple rebel groups are now fighting against the government
Why did the United States and Britain begin to aid the rebel groups?	Assad has brutally repressed his citizens, killing many innocent people and even using chemical weapons against them
Who did the US become focused on fighting from 2014 on?	ISIS who were trying to create a caliphate (empire) in Iraq and Syria
What countries support the Syrian government?	Iran and Russia
Approximately how many refugees have fled Syria? Approximately how many people have been internally displaced?	Approximately 5 million have fled and another 7 million are internally displaced
What happened on September 11, 2001	Hijackers captured four planes, flew two into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon and one crashed in Pennsylvania Almost 3,000 people were killed
Who was responsible for the attacks (group and the individual)?	Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda
What were their reasons for attacking the United States?	They were allegedly acting in retaliation for America’s support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military presence in the Middle East.
Who was President of the USA at the time of these attacks?	George W. Bush
Why did America invade Afghanistan?	To push out the Taliban regime that harbored bin Laden Destroy al Qaeda and bin Laden
What two groups did America fight in Afghanistan?	Al Qaeda – terrorist group run by bin Laden and responsible for numerous attacks against American presence around the world Taliban – group controlling Afghanistan through strict Islamic law
Summarize the Persian Gulf War	Iraq invaded Kuwait for land/oil World responds led by Americans and the Iraqis were quickly driven out of Kuwait back to Iraq
What were the two reasons given for America's decision to invade Iraq?	Links to terrorist organizations Stockpile of weapons of mass destruction
Which is the better solution to achieve peace in Israel and Palestine – a one state or two state solution. In the essay you must describe each solution and compare and contrast the two to persuade the reader of which option has the better chance of success.	From Vox: The "two-state solution" would create an independent Israel and Palestine, and is the mainstream approach to resolving the conflict. The idea is that Israelis and Palestinians want to run their countries differently; Israelis want a Jewish state, and Palestinians want a Palestinian one. Because neither side can get what it wants in a joined state, the only possible solution that satisfies everyone involves separating Palestinians and Israelis. The "one-state solution" would merge Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip into one big country. It comes in two versions. One, favored by some leftists and Palestinians, would create a single democratic country. Arab Muslims would outnumber Jews, thus ending Israel as a Jewish state. The other version, favored by some rightists and Israelis, would involve Israel annexing the West Bank and either forcing out Palestinians or denying them the right to vote. Current issues preventing peace: status of refugees, Jerusalem, Jewish settlements, barrier wall/movement and Palestinian terrorist groups.

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