Language Change Terms

Pregunta	Respuesta
Inflection	Affix told you what the grammatical function/place of the word in a sentence was.
Borrowings/loan words	Words that we've added to our lexicon from other countries.
Broadening	Words broaden in meaning.
Final e	Adding an extra e onto the word e.g: lorde, refreshe
Narrowing	When a word narrows in meaning for example: mete (meaning food) becomes meat.
Virgule	The use of slashes. They separate the text into chunks acting in a similar (but not very conventional) way to full stops.
Neoclassicism	Going back to classical ideas. This is particularly apparent in the renaissance period where Latin and Greek elements became influential.
Paleologism	An old word dug up and used again.
Elevated diction	Making things complex and grammatically difficult in order to make yourself sound intellectual. This was particularly apparent in the renaissance period.
Inkhorn term	Any foreign borrowing deemed to be unnecessary or overly pretentious, usually from Latin. This was recognised during the renaissance and was an example of prescriptive vs descriptive debate.
Grammatical conversion	E.g: noun changes to a verb, such as spoon, due to use of item over time.
Prescriptive	Belief in a correct standard form of language.
Descriptive	You observe and account for changes but accept that they are inevitable and embrace them.
Sapir Whorf hypothesis	Language = thought
Lexicographer	Person who makes dictionaries.
Codification	The last stage of a neologism before it enters the language. This is the moment that it's officially written down and used.
Brand names/eponyms	New words from proper nouns e.g: hoover, biro, thermos
Compounding	Formation of new words from free morphemes e.g: airmail, graveyard, paperback
Blends	Two words squished together, omitting some of the letters in them individually so they wouldn't make sense alone e.g: chortle, smog, spritten (spoken and written), motel
Shortenings	E.g: cab, pub, plane, bra, perm
Back formations	Words invented from an existing word, where the verb is often created from the noun e.g: enthuse (from enthusiasm), liase (from liason), televise (from television
Reduplicatives	Often created and used informally. They copy the word but change it slightly e.g: goody-goody, walkie-talkie
Affixation	Adding a standard prefix or suffix e.g: unforgiving, unfunny, cannbalise etc.
Nonce word	Word only used temporarily when there is a need for it. It isn't coined or taken on by the language.
Eye-dialect	The way you'd write an accent to force someone to pronounce it
Pidgin language	Linguistically simplistic. Not a mother tongue - a slang language. As it widens across tribes it becomes Creole and can appear unintelligible to outsiders.
Political correctness	Language that avoids offence and prejudice. It aims to increase the power, value and credibility of the individual.
Taboo language	Language that is deemed to be socially unacceptable within a certain context.
Truncation	Shortening words e.g: n-word.
Adaptation	E.g: sheesh, frik, shitake mushrooms
Substitution	Euphemisms e.g: it's my time of the month
Grawlixes	E.g: f*@k
Slang	Lexical innovation within a particular cultural context.
Codeswitching	Our ability to switch from register to another seamlessly.
Accomodation	Adapting to the audience.
Omission	Clipping of a consonant from a word.
Assimilation	The pronunciation of one phoneme is change by an adjacent phoneme e.g: donchu.
Non-standard L vocalisation	Pronouncing the l-sound in certain positions almost like /w/ so milk bottle becomes miwk bottoo and football = foobaw. The l sounds that are affected are those that are dark in classical RP and are followed by another consonant.
Glotalling	Using a glottal stop instead of a /t/ in certain positions. This isn't the same as omitting /t/ altogether since plate sounds different from play. Authors often show it through spelling e.g: take i' off.
Weak vowels	Aitchison saw that people often say erstronomy or merstake.
Uptalk	A rising intonation even when something isn't a question.
HappY-tensing	Making an ee sound from y e.g: Saturdee.
Yod coalescence	Using a ch sound instead of tu e.g: Tuesday --> chuesday.
Americanisation	Not just lexical. Changing the stress in words e.g: controversy.

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	Creado por Hazel Meades hace alrededor de 10 años