Oral Dosage Form

Pregunta	Respuesta
What are the 6 types of solid oral forms?	Tablets Capsules Lozenges Pastilles Powers Granules
What are the advantages of solid oral dosage forms ?	Convenient and Clean Light and compact Dry (stable) Accurate dosage May give controlled release Can mask taste
What are the disadvantages of solid oral dosage forms?	Difficult to swallow Difficult to dilute Difficult for liquid drugs
Define a tablet	A solid mass made by compaction of a suitably prepared medicament by means of a tablet machine
What are the 8 types of tablet?	Standard Soluble/ Dispersible Effervescent Chewable Buccal Sublingual Enteric Controlled Release
What is a diluent?	A substance used to make up a large part of the tablet
Describe the function of a cube mixer	Mixes ingredients together (good for powders) There are 3 rods inside, their role is to break up regular rotation flow of the powder.
Name 6 examples of diluent	Lactulose microcrystalline cellulose Calcium Sulphate Calcium Phosphate Starch Dextrose
Name 4 examples of diluents that can be used to sweeten the tablet	Sucrose Sorbitol Xylitol Mannitol
What are properties of a good diluent?	Inert Non-hydroscopic Cheap Good compression properties
Give examples of wetting agents	Water Methylcellulose Sucrose Starch paste Gelatin Gum Acia Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Name the steps of the preparation for making a tablet	1. Mixing active with Diluent 2. Wet/Blend with wetting agent 3. Screening 4. Drying 5. Addition of other additives 6. Compression
What are the names of the blades in the blender	Sigma Blades
12. What is the function of a lubricant?	To prevent the tablet from sticking to the die wall or the punches in the tablet press
Give examples of hydrophobic and hydrophilic lubricants.	Hydrophilic - polyethylene gylcols Hydrophobic - stearates (Mg, Ca salts from free acid)
What is the function of glidants? Give examples.	To promote granule flow ( prevent adhesion to punch faces) E.g. Talc + Fumed Silica
Describe the function of disintegrates	To promote disintegration of the tablet in the intestinal fluid and allow rapid drug release
What is a possible mechanism	Swelling and Elastic recovery
17. How the optimum is disintegrate obtained?	This when disintegrate is both inside and outside the tablet
Give examples	Starch Microcrytalline cellulose Alginic acid
Describe the processes of compression	1) Lower punch Fall 2) Upper punch descends 3) Upper withdrawals and th lower punch lifts up
What's a Hooper shoe	Sweeps away granules This ensures everything nut Slabs and break them down
When is pre-compression used? Describe the process	Used when Moist granulation is unsuitable ( moisture, heat, produces poor granules) Process; 1) Drug + Filler + Lubricants are compressed into slugs 2) Slugs broken down my milling and screening procedures into granules 3) Alternatively mass may be roller compacted
Describe direct compression	When all the ingridetns are blended together and compressed into tablets
When is direct compression used	1) When a drug is manufactured with good flow properties 2) When diluents blend with the drug and produce a powder available for production
What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct compression?	Advantages 1. Cuts time, Equipment and Man power Disadvantages 1. High cost 2. Poor performance on low dosage drugs
How can you control compression?	1. Tablet weight adjusted by raising or lowering the punch 2. Compression force can be altered by altering the depth that upper punch travels
Complete sentence …’ The higher the compression force..’	The slower the rate of dissolution of the tablet ( slower release of active ingredient) this is because tablet becomes harder.
27. What is the use of eccentric press?	Small scale production Produces 1 tablet at a time 50-200 tablets/min
Describe rotary tablet press	A series of set punches and dies are set on a rotating table. Quality control built in
List the 9 problems during compression	1) Binding of tablet in the die cavity 2) Picking and sticking tablet to surface 3) Capping and lamination of tablet
Why has tablet coating become popular?	1. protects active ingredient 2. Organoleptic 3. Improves product quality 4. Aids identification 5. Protects tablet during packaging and storing 6. Prevents contamination and dust problems 7. Can control drug release.
What are the 3 types of tablet coating	1. Sugar 2. Film 3. Press
Which coating is the most popular coating?	Film
What shape does a sugar coating give to a tablet?	Rounded
Describe the process of sugar coating	1. Sealing tablet core with water insoluble base 2. Successive layers of filler are bound by sucrose/ gum 3. Polished with wax solution
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sugar coating?	Advantage : appearance (rounded) Disadvantage: 1. Multistage 2. Difficult to automate 3. Not able to use control release 4. Weight increase by 30-50% 5. Indented logos not feasible
What does the film coating solution consist of?	Spraying 1. A polymer 2. A solvent 3. A plasticizer 4. A colurant
What are the advantages and disadvantages of film coating.	Advantages: Opposite of sugar coting disadvantages Disadvantages: Environment Safety Solvent residues must be investigated
List cons with using aqueous route in film coating	Hydorlysis causes problems Heating can sometimes destroy drug Lumpy tablets can cause premature activation of disintegrant
Press coating is based on?	Compaction of coating around a pre-formed core Used to separate incompatible core Requires relatively complex and specialised equipment
Why can't enteric coating be attacked by HCL in stomach, when is there an increase in solubility?	it is not soluble at low pH
What do Controlled Release coatings use?	Use polymers with restricted water solubility/ permeability
What are the three mechanisms of CR?	Diffusion Erosion Osmotic
Define capsule	A capsule consists of a drug enclosed in a water soluble shell made from gelatine.
Why is gelatine used	1. Non-toxic 2. Has good film forming properties 3. Changes from gel to solution @ temp above room temp
What are the differences in gelatine A and B?	A= acidic hydrolysis B= basic hydrolysis
48. How many types of capsules are there?	Hard and Soft (2)
What are the properties that the material used to fill capsule have?	1. Be filled accurately 2. Not reactive to gelatine 3. Must not leak out of shell
What type of fills can be used in hard capsule?	PGPTPTT
What is the most popular fill?	Powders
At properties must a powder fill have?	1. Accurate fill 2. Must flow 3. Must not adhere to filling equipment 4. Must allow drug release
When are granules and pellets used?	In special sustained preparations
55. When are tablets used?	To hide their appearance
Semi-solids made	Liquid on filling and then solidify within the capsule, this is done by: 1) Melted- thermosoftening 2) Sheared- Thiotropic
How are shells produced?	1. Gelatine + water with dyes and pigmentation to add colour 2. Dipping rows of steel pins into a heated solution contained mixture and them removing pins to set and dry. The body is then cut, stripped from the pin and joined to the cap
Describe the basic procedure of filling	1. Two ways to fill - Dosator & Tamping a) Two halves of capsule separated b) Excat dose is place in smaller cap (body) c) The bigger cap (top) is then locked onto the smaller half (not easy to pull apart) d) filled capsule is removed from the machine
Compare and contrast soft tablet and hard capsule	Draw out a table
When is the use of soft capsules?	permit liquids to be presented as solid dosage forms
What is the function of a plasticizer?	Make the capsule softer and more flexible
How are soft gels produced?	1. Gelatine mixture stored in a heated hopper and the fill liquid is stored in a second hopper 2. Gelatine mixture is drawn out into two long sheets on a spreader drum, which converge on a set of die and rollers 3. As they converge, accurate dose fill liquid is placed between sheets, the gelatine is forced into the die 4. Die and roller are arranged so that when sheets fuse together, the formed capsule is cut from sheet and ejected.
What are the problems of soft gels?	1. Migration of fill material through the capsule shell 2. Migration of shell contents the other way, causing instability 3. moisture in atmosphere may cause shell to soften and break. 4. Dry conditions may cause craking
What are the factors for choosing a tablet or capsule	1. Company Policy 2. Competitors products 3. Equipment Available 4. Required unit dose 5. Compression characteritics 6. Stablilty
What is the requirements for all tablets? And how do you test it?	Uniformity of content
Describe lozenges	Normally intended to stay in mouth for 10-15mins Often antibacterial/ anaesthetic contain no disintegrant
Describe chewable tablets	Designed to be broken down rapidly in the buccal cavity by action of teeth Mannitol for cooling taste flavouring agent usually used No disintegrant No need for all the ingredients to be soluble
Describe dispersible tablets	D= distegrate rapidly in cold water t produce a suspension for ingeestion, in water in paramount S= formulated to dissolve in cold water, all ingredients must be highly soluble
Describe effervescent	Gives rapid disintegration Wet granulation can't be used Sucrose is hygroscopic - sweetener and increase stability Standard lubricants can't be used
Describe sublingual/ buccal	Absorbed through mucosa and passes jugular vein, bypasses liver and GIT. Tablets should not disintegrate Rapid dissolution required Unpleasant taste - need to be avoided

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	Creado por Yetunde Arinola Olusholabomi Olarewaju hace más de 6 años