Ch. 16 Developmental Theories

Pregunta	Respuesta
What are Developmental Theories?	- Explanatory models of criminal behavior that follows individuals throughout their life course of offending - Explains offending over time
What is the unit of analysis?	- The individual
What do they examine?	- Onset - Frequency - Duration - Intensity - Desistance
What is the general pattern of offending?	- General crime curve
Best Predictor oh who is at high risk?	- The earlier you begin offending the more likely you are going to keep offending
What are they explaining?	- Age crime curve - Sharp criminal increase among adolescents - Peak criminality in late teenage/early adulthood years - Decline in older adults
Integrated Theories	- An explanation of crime that attempts to merge the insights from two or more theories into a single framework
Integrated Theories * Pros *	- Higher explanatory power - Because it can add concepts from various frameworks
Integrated Theories * Cons *	- Theories are based on opposing perspectives of human nature - Theories are meant to stand alone
Elliot's Strain Control Paradigm	- First integrated model to explore deviant behavior - Strain, Social Disorganization, Control, Learning, and Differential Association
Elliots Strain Control Paradigm * Form strong bonds * * Two ways *	1. Integration 2. Commitment
Elliots Strain Control Paradigm * Integration *	- Extent to which people are involved in conventional groups and institutions
Elliots Strain Control Paradigm * Commitment *	- Extent to which someone feels morally bound by social norms
Elliots Strain Control Paradigm * Two Pathways to Criminal Behavior *	1. Weak bonds in childhood lead to participation in delinquent peer groups, which leads to criminal behavior 2. Strong bonds are weakened throughout life (strain, social disorganization)
Thronberry's Interactional Theory * Basic model *	- During childhood kids develop attachments to parents - Leads them to embrace conventional beliefs, commit to school, avoid delinquent peers, reject delinquent values
Thornberrys Interactional model * Basic model *	- When they fail to develop attachments to parents, the opposite sequence occurs - Without these controls they are free to explore other options and encounter delinquent peers, leading to delinquent behavior
Thornberrys Interactional Theory * Reciprocal Effects *	- Weak parental attachment might make delinquent associations more likely (weaken attachments to parents ) - Peer associations may cause delinquent behavior which then (can affect future friendship choices)
Thornberrys Interactional Theory * Reciprocal Effects *	- The effects of variables differ during a persons life course - As youth move to adolescence effect of parents wane and peers and school become more prevelant
Farrington's Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory (ICAP) * Two key concepts *	1. Antisocial Potential (AP) 2. Cognition
Farrington's Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory (ICAP) * Antisocial Potential (AP) *	- Risk of propensity to engage in crime
Farrington's Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory (ICAP) * Cognition *	- Decision making process that turns into actual behavior
Farrington's Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory (ICAP) * Long- Term AP *	- Poor families, poorly socialized, impulsive, low IQ
Farrington's Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory (ICAP) * Short- term AP *	- No deficits but will temporarily increase AP if situation calls for it - Can turn into long term AP if they are rewarded for crime - changes their cognition
Life Course Criminology	- Moffitt's Developmental Theory
Moffitt's Developmental Theory * Two Types of Offenders *	1. Adolescent Limited Offenders (AL 2. Life Course Persistent Offenders (LCP)
Moffitt's Developmental Theory * Adolescent- Limited Offender *	- Most of the general public - Committed offenses when they were teenagers/young adults - Commit crimes primarily b/c of association with peers
Moffitt's Developmental Theory * Adolescent- Limited Offenders * * Maturity Gap *	- Years between onset of puberty and entry job market - They went to shed their childhood restrictions and act like adults
Moffitt's Developmental Theory * Life Course Persistent Offenders *	- Only about 4-6% of offenders - Commit vast majority of serious, violent offenses - Due to interaction between neurological problems and disadvantaged neighborhood
Sampson & Laub Age Graded Theory of Informal Social Control	- Factors that influence crime (all can weaken bonds) - Early antisocial tendencies, poverty, delinquent peers/siblings, low IQ, difficult temperament
Sampson and Laub's Age Graded Theory of Informal Social Control * Crime Desistance *	- Turning points (help strengthen adult bonds) - Job, marriage, military service - These do not stop everyone from offending though.. can cause new crimes - spousal/child abuse
Sampson and Laub Shared Beginning, Divergent Lives * Two findings *	- Desistance from crime is virtually universal but is difficult to predict when desistance will occur
Sampson and Laubs Shared Beginning, Divergent Lives * 5 aspects to desistance *	1. Structural turning points = change 2. Structural turning points create social bonds that increase informal control 3. Structural turning points move daily routine activities aways from deviant locations (bars) to structured areas (work)
Sampson and Laubs Shared Beginning, Divergent Lives * 5 aspects to desistance *	- Prosocial lifestyle;e creates "desistance by default - criminality becomes a distant reality - Desistance process does not entirely determine choices
Maruna's Theory of Redemption Scripts * Two scripts *	1. Redemption 2. Condemnation
Maruna's Theory of Redemption Scripts * Redemption *	- Make good on rhetoric of redemption - Previous criminality not apart of the real me - Crime was circumstantial - Past woes make you stronger, and lead to a higher calling
Maruna's Theory of Redemption Scripts * Condemnation *	- Condemned to life for crime, but powerless to change behavior because of it - Lack enthusiasm for crime, but powerless to change behavior because of it
Patterson's Social Interactional Developmental Model * Two Onsets *	1. Early Onset 2. Late Onset
Pattersons Social Interactional Developmental Model * Early Onset *	- Starts with dysfunctional families - Coercion becomes a way of life - Move out of home and manifest child conduct problems - Harsh/ Inconsistent discipline, little positive parental involvement, poor monitoring
Pattersons Social Interactional Developmental Model * Late Onset *	- Does not blame deviant behavior on family; blames on deviant peer group - Less likely to persist in serious offending than early onset youth - More antisocial than non delinquents because of some adverse family conditions

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