Nervous Systems III

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Fichas sobre Nervous Systems III, creado por J yadonknow el 06/05/2018.
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Diagram of the ear Pinna External ear canal Tympanic membrane Ossicles Oval body Cochlea Auditory vestibular nerves
Function of pinna Act as parabolic reflectors to collect sound
MOA Pinna -> tympanic membrane -> ossicles -> motion at oval window membrane -> moves fluid in cochlea
What does movement of fluid in cochlea cause? A response in sensory neurons
Anatomy of the cochlea Scala vestibulia Scala media Scala tympani Basilar membrane
Diagram of frequency propagation Low f propagate all the way from base to the apex Base \ basilar membrane \ apex
Diagram of how sound stim blablablah Basilar membrane Hair cells Tectorial membrane Spiral ganglia
Hair cell features stereocilia lack axons (no AP) sandwiched btw. basilar + tectorial membrane
What constitutes the signal? As basilar moves in response to sound stereocilia bend, this stimulation is synpased w/ spiral ganglion
What do position of hair cell indicate? Position along basilar membrane indicates frequency of the sound (mexican wave)
What sort of relationship is this TONOTOPIC RELATIONSHIP
Auditory cortex 2' 500Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000Hz 8000Hz 16000Hz
What is the eardrum equivalent in insects? Tympanum in legs
Diagram Tympanum muscle BV crista acoustica Auditory neuron
What is tonopy? spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain.
Tonopy in insects processed where? prothoracic ganglion
What is Johnston's organ? Antennal hearing organ in mosquitoes for detecting f of female wing beats
What is the f of female wing beats? 360-400Hz
How does the Johnston's organ do this? Active process in sensory neurons amplify the signal, making the organ extremely sensitive to the sound
Insects vs. vertebrates Vibration detected by Membrane/appendage/hair Tympanic membrane
Amplification Some amplification via active response of sensory dendrites Several amplificatory processes (e.g. external ear, ossicles, cochlear)
Tonopy Rare in CNS Common in CNS
Signal nature Specific, few in number, simple Complex
How are vibrations detected Subsonic vibration via hair Vibration detection present like lateral line organs in fish
Signal transduction in taste cells SALT and ACID Salt and Acid have Na+ and H+ channels K+ efflux channel Depolarise Open V gated Ca++ Cause neurot. release
Signal transduction in taste cells SWEET and BITTER and UMAMI GPCRs that bind to food molecules Depolarise K+ channel blocked V gated Ca++ open Neurot released
Vertebrae olfaction diagram (5) Olfactory bulb Olfactory glomerulus bone Olfactory receptor Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory neuron Axon Soma Denrite Cilia Nasal secretions
Olfactory transfuction Binding of odour molecules causes G protein SU to stim. adenylyl cyclase This ^ cAMP This opens ion channels in CM Depolarises AP generated
Where do invertebrae taste and olfactory chemosensory R molecules lie? On outer membrane of cilia
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