Japanese History

Pregunta	Respuesta
Feudalism Definition	A system whereby a person receives land from one of superior rank (the liege lord) in return for a promise of loyalty and military support
Feudalism Examples	~ Personal loyalties, class distinction, and granting of land rights ~ Different social classes had certain rights or duties to one another
Result of Feudalism	Division into tight social groups
Feudalism and the Economy	~ Based on the selling of crops ~ Self-sufficiency with little surplus, money or trade ~ The village formed a tight economic unit, little contact between villages
Feudalism - Basic Social Unit	Clans of the related people live in the village and pay tribute eg. contributions such as goods or soldiers but also respect, would be paid to the head of the clan (local lord)
	Emperor Shogun Daimyo Samurai Peasants Merchants
Emperor	~ The sacred nominal (divinity in name only), head of state ~ Lived in seclusion in the imperial capital (Kyoto), courtly life ~ Considered a 'God' in subjects eyes ~ Lost most of ancient ruling power (no political power) ~ Centre of loyalty
Shogun	~ The most powerful daimyo ~ Ruler of Japan as a whole - officially (had to!) by the Emperor (You couldn't replace 'God' ~ A hereditary position (family) ~ The Shogun's capital was Edo (Toyko) ~ Military Government General ~ Had support of noble class
Daimyo	~ Feudal military chiefs or feudal lords (feuds are territories) ~ Swore allegiance to Shogun ~ Responsible for large areas of Japan ~ Broken into Fudai and Tozama ~ Had own samurai ~ Controlled Han
Fudai	Family connections to Shogun and trusted by Shogun
Tozama	Untrustworthy, fought on opposite sides
Samurai	~ Professional warriors ~ Personally loyal to their Daimyo - they protected his land and paid in rice ~ Followed Bushido Code ~ Enjoyed high status in society, if disrespected able to cut off head ~ Had obligations - owed respect ~ Given land rights
Seppuku	The solemn ceremony of suicide; wives and daughters prepared to kill themselves rather than be shamed
Bushido Code	"loyalty, bravery, honour"
Peasants	~ Most of Japanese population - worked farmland ~ Legally bound to land and lord (samurai/daimyo) as serf, couldn't move as they please ~ Grew mainly rice and heavily taxed (fix bridge, made weapons) ~ Peasant uprisings occurred (part of the crop to daimyo) ~ Provide services, given protection
Merchants not nobel - parasites	~ Engaged in trade and money lending ~ Wealthy but lacked status - married into samurai for social mobility (good deal) ~ "Unproductive class"
Han	A local government (like province or prefecture) in the Edo period
Mid 16th Century Shogun	Lost control as small states were constantly at war - no strong central government
Oda Nubunaga	~ Restarted process of reunification of at least half of Japan ~ Made dominant figure by equipping soldiers with muskets brought from European Merchants ~ Began Shogun process
Battle of Sekighara	1600's - Ieyasu defeated rivals (wanted all the power)
1616	Ieyasu granted the title of 'Shogun,' eliminate opposition, claim the title
Tokugawa Family	~ Govern 250 years ~ Ruled directly over a quarter of Japan (Shimpan) ~ Indirectly over Japan (Daimyo) ~ Divided enemies skillfully so they wouldn't attack
Bakufu	Centralised Military Government ~ Japan unified under strong Shogun ~ Edo, centralised and military ~ 2 premises
Sankin Kotai	Alternative attendance - Hostage system
5 Steps to Order and Unity	1. Daimyo required/forced to live in Edo every second year 2. Wives and children of daimyo required to live in Edo 3. Forbode daimyo to repair castles without the Shogun's permission 4. No daimyo marriages allowed without the Shogun's permission 5. Rigid social order with strict moral code - social pyramid
Shogunate	Bakufu (military government) - King with his kingdom
The Polo's - Zipangu 1295	~ Returned to Italy with glowing reports of Cathay (China, tales of an island) ~ Marco Polo and other relatives ~ Nicollo first to write of Japan ~ Inspired other explorers to discover
Portuguese	~ 1543, traders of Macao, driven off course ~ Gun's brought by local daimyo (Oda Nubunaga) ~ Japanese fascinated ~ "strangers" and "peculiar"
Age of Exploration	"Glory, Gospel, Gold"
1549 Francis Xavier and Jesuit Missionaries	~ Travelled with traders ~ Allowed to begin preaching and converting ~ 1549 - Catholic missionaries establish; in conflict people are predisposed to conversion
Oda Nubunaga Religious Beliefs	Hostile to Buddhism; gave Christain support
Spanish	1590's Franciscans and Dominicans friars arrive (renowned for teachings)
Dutch	1609 - influence lasted for centuries Get privileged position - Protestant
Rangaku	Dutch Learning
English	1613 - 10 years UNSUCCESSFUL
Increased Trade Links	Became more aware of new weapons (eg. the Smoothbore musket) - caused disequilibrium in Japan
Disequilibrium in Japan	Traditional Order Samurai warfare (sword to sword) Europeans seen as a threat
Toyotomi Hideyoshi	Didn't favour Portuguese or Christianity - Christianity hostile to laws and traditions
1587 Edict	All Jesuit missionaries given 6 months grace (find ships) to leave Japan on pain of death
1587 Edict Consequences	No action undertaken, secretly carried out their mission
1592 Rival Franciscan Friars from the Philippines	Pope allowed non-Jesuit orders to preach
Franciscans	Great display of religion, defiance angered Hideyoshi
February 1597	Death of 26 Christians by crucifixion - Christain Church still grew
Chinese and Japanese Thinking "Asia-centred"	Confident in the superiority of their societies
China	Chinese believed that China was the centre of the world ( superior) and there was no need to absorb (refused) any inferior Western teachings
"Euro-centric" Europeans	ATAVISTIC "Barbarians" "Glory, Gospel, Gold" - expense of others
Atavistic	Related to the primitive desire to dominate others
Edicts	Laws of the lands; command from someone of authority (Tokugawa's)
1612 and 1613 Edicts	Prohibited Christianity to the Japanese population - approx. 300,000 converts Didn't throw Christians out
1614 Edict	~ Foreign priests to leave Japan ~ Christain churches demolished ~ Christians to renounce faith in Christ ~ Removal of external threat ~ Christians clashed with culture ~ Loyal to Pope
1613 to 1626	Ieyasu son, Hidetada, began persecuting Christians - executions approx. 750
Isolation of Japan "Bamboo Curtain"	Shogun isolated Japan almost entirely with the exception of some Dutch merchants, Chinese - NO FOREIGNERS - no Japanese could leave or return
Edict 1636	Shakoku - closed country
Rangaku	Scholars learnt about the West and questioned the legality of Bakufu government
Long Period of Peace	Samurai didn't have traditional duties, trade and production grew, social pyramid changed
Trade and Production within Japan was growing	~Merchant class richer and important (remained without status), samurai power ~ Cities based on textiles and industry grew
The Shimbara Rebellion REASONS	Christain persecution climax City Shimbara revolted; Christian peasants overtaxed, oppressed
1627 Shimbara Rebellion	5 months fought ban of Christianity Crushed April 1638 - 38,000 dead
Portuguese Departure	Blamed for Rebellion - Banned to Japan 1639
Isolation Period	Until 1853 - Chinese trade permitted
1640	Portuguese vessel landed; 13 executed
1641	Dutch only Europeans left - one vessel per year
Commodore Perry	1853 - American
Tokugawa Ieyasu Shogun	Claimed title of Shogun in 1603 - ruled over 250 years
Life Under the Tokugawa's	Japan cut off from agriculture, industrial, scientific changes - regulated system
The Decline of the Samurai's	~ Life of inactivity, no military service - became writers and scholars ~ Served lords, daimyo couldn't pay them ~ Join Ronin ~ Forced to borrow from the merchant class
Ronin	Without lords
Growth of Trade	Expansion of trade and commerce; currency took over batering
Merchant Class Expanded	Became wealthy: created bigger stalls, moved to city
Peasant Farmers
Daimyo	In debt
em Decline of the Tokugawa Syst	~ The feudal system, Bakufu, lost reason (built for war - no war) ~ Discontent ~ Helped Japan meet west - preserve independence
1800's	Daimyo and samurai discontented - economic position undermined
Japanese Scholars - Rangaku	Studied European science and technology; couldn't put knowledge into practice
Effect of Foreigners on the Position of the Shogun	~ No choice but to accept the treaty terms ~ Shogun forfeited his right to rule - gave into Western demands ~ No ships or guns - foreigners couldn't be driven away ~ Couldn't not promise future treaties ~ Change in the relationship between Shogun and Emperor - consulted Emperor for advice
Growth of Edo	~ Over a million people ~ Clean, recycling programme ~ Change in the social order ~ Literacy was taught to everyone - 85% of male population
Mid 19th Century Threat on Three Fronts	Russia - North British - South America - East
Sonno	Men of determination who came from the Choshu and Satsuma clans
Tozama Clans (Composition)	South-West of Japan; Satsuma and Choshu (strong anti-Tokugawa traditions from the defeat at Sekighara)
Demands Made	1. Restoration of Political power to the Emperor 2. Expulsion of all foreigners from Japan
1. Called for Restoration of Political Power to the Emperor	~ Outraged that the Shogun signed treaties without his consent ~ Emperor was their God
2. Expulsion of all Foreigners from Japan	~ Foreigners increased with the "unequal treaties" ~ Japanese viewed them with great distrust and hostility
Supporters of the Movement	Trouble between clans and western merchants and diplomats
1860-1863	'Shi-Shi' waged campaign against 'barbarians'; murdered western advisors/interpreters and attacked western ships
Western Government	Fined Shogun - caused strain and weakened authority in Edo
Western Response	westerners attacked Satsuma and Choshu provinces - didn't deter 'Shi-Shi' forces
'Shi-Shi' Response to Western Attacks	Clan leaders require Western power to protect itself from West
1866	Death of Shogun
1867	Death of Emperor - Ascension of the Emperor Mutsuhito (The Meiji)
1866 Secret Alliance	Satsuma and Choshu secret alliance with Toza and Hizen - unify country under young successor
Fall of the Shogun	Prevent bitter fighting between the loyal supporters and the Emperor's imperial forces
Civil War 1868	Edo and Tokugawa Government gave way; renamed city Tokyo (National Capital)
The Emperor Mutsuhito MEIJI	Enlightened rule - 16 year old Emperor
Ruling Oligarchy/Genro	~ Young Samurai ~ Usurp power for themselves ~ Needed to reconstruct the whole nation ~ Control the seal (stamp of authority) of Emperor - issue orders in his name ~ Build administration; mechanisms of government
New Imperial Capital	Tokyo
25 July 1869 - Imperial Decree	Forced all daimyo to surrender their fiefs and powers
29 August 1871	Former territories divided into Ken
Ken	A new system of districts or prefectures
Radical Change	~ People confused and uncertain ~ Nation in chaos ~ Throwing banknotes in air ~ "Who cares" "what the hell" ~ Bizarre - usually traditional and tranquil ~ Order to anarchy
The Charter Oath - April 1886	~ Modernise - fix the feudal system ~ Announcement by Emperor; the policy of new Government ~ Foundation stone for Meiji restoration ~ Basis for reforms ~ Past evils wiped out ~ Reforms initiated by Central Government ~ Learn from Western powers - modernise and gain strength ~ Overcome chaos of transformation
AIMS 1. Deliberate Assemblies Shall be Widely Established and All Matters Decided by Public Decisions	~ Establish a parliament, no real power - oligarchy remain in 'real' political control ~ Meiji government gain support ~ Meiji government consolidate powers
OVERCOME 1. Deliberate Assemblies Shall be Widely Established and All Matters Decided by Public Decisions	~ Powerful daimyo - give support and modernise Japan ~ Emperor not extended power through Japan (not secure) ~ Old (Bakufu) government didn't have public assemblies and discussions
AIMS 2. All Classes, High and Low, Shall Unite in Vigorously Carrying Out the Administration of Affairs of State	~ Unify the nation ~ Meant all people could be employed by the government ~ Assist the government, regardless of positions
OVERCOME 2. All Classes, High and Low, Shall Unite in Vigorously Carrying Out the Administration of Affairs of State	Barred classes from participating in state affairs and occupations (feudal system)
AIMS 3. The Common People, No Less than the Civil and Military Officials, Shall each be Allowed to Pursue His Own Calling so there may be no Discontent	Encourage individuals to work; an incentive to improve all lives
OVERCOME 3. The Common People, No Less than the Civil and Military Officials, Shall each be Allowed to Pursue His Own Calling so there may be no Discontent	~ Abolish feudal order of Japan and specified rank ~ Remove discontent from classes lacking rank or exclude from opportunities ~ Feudal system restrictive and looked for change
~ Abolish feudal order of Japan and specified rank ~ Remove discontent from classes lacking rank or exclude from opportunities ~ Feudal system restrictive and looked for change	~ Attain western standards (in law) ~ Meet extraterritoriality ~ Blanket for the declaration of reform
OVERCOME 4. Evil Customs of the Past shall be Broken off Everything Based Upon the Just Laws of Nature	~ Old traditions ~ Lord having the power of life and death of vessels (Seppuku) ~ Barbaric customs
AIMS 5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the World so as to Strengthen the Foundations of Imperial Rule	~ Consolidation of power ~ Centralise and unify the nation ~ Westernise/Modernise - learn from foreign nations ~ Strengthen country and resist foreign aggression
OVERCOME 5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the World so as to Strengthen the Foundations of Imperial Rule	~ Isolation policy - Japan anachromism, missed on political, agarian and industrial revolutions ~ Unequal treaties humiliating
PIECEMEAL PROCESS Constitution June 1868	~ First - very limited ~ Brought Charter Oath into effect ~ Defined powers of the new government and right of Japanese citizens ~ Proved unworkable and abandoned ~ (nevertheless) The radical reform program followed
PIECEMEAL PROCESS Voluntary Handing Over of Fief by Tozama Daimyo to Emperor 1869	~ Dismantling feudalism ~ Tozama; supported Emperor, toward daimyo - Governors ~ After restoration ~ Leaders couldn't create fully centralised government f challenged by powerful lords exercising feudal powers
25 July 1869	Emperor issued imperial decree - forced daimyo to surrender fiefs and powers
OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM 1872 Prefectures	Instead of domains; structure of state; known as ken
OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM 1872 Cash Pensions	Voluntary handed over
OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM 1872 Land Reforms - need farmers on board	~ 1872 Certificate of Land Ownership to Peasants ~ 1873 Tax in cash; Loss of "commons: - Tenant Farmers
1872 Certificate of Land Ownership to Peasants	Land title; Previously impossible
1873 Tax in cash; Loss of "commons: - Tenant Farmers	~ Some farmers couldn't buy land; pay rent to use land ~ No longer in rice
Commons	Land peasants/Han used to gather wood, water and hunt
Farmland	~ Ease burden of heavy public spending on new capital from industry ~ Largest source of revenue for the Meiji period
Farmers	~ Japanese countryside remained worlds away ~ Depended on farmers "buy less, grow more" ~ "Farmers are the fertilisers of the nation" ~ Part of international economies
REFORMS Military - Army	~ French and German (1871) Model ~ 1870 Universal Military Service - Resentment of Samurai ~ Modern weapons ~ Trained in foreign military academies
French and German (1871) model	Germany beat France in 1871 War
1870 Universal Military Service - Resentment of Samurai	~ Conscription, drafted peasants with guns ~ 20-year-old conscripts in the army for three years ~ Samurai, military roles taken over by conscripted civilians ~ Villages pay for it - outraged at "blood tax" ~ Spontaneous rebellions - change programme
Rebellion Saigo Takamori Preserve Tradition	~ Satsuma rebellion - samurai's last chance ~ "Saigo's death was the death of the samurai" ~ Led 30,000 ex-samurai into battle against government forces ~ "Dirt-farmers" now had the right to bear arms ~ 6 months fighting, Saigo performed seppuku ~ Followers perished at the hands of the conscripted imperial army ~ End marked the beginning of Meiji Transformation
Saigo Takamori	The military leader of the Satsuma forces overcame Shogun
REFORMS Military - Navy	~ British model, warships and instructors ~ Construction of large naval bases at Yokusaka, Sasebo and Kure ~ Satsuma Domination
British Model, Warships and Instructors	Best in the world; strongest
Satsuma Domination	placed in charge; trusted with defence
REFORMS Finance	Foreign experts, decimal currency and banks - nation built from scratch
1871	Decimal currency introduced
1872	The American system of National Banking for Japan
National Banks Established Under Pressure from Government	Failed, poor management, no cooperation, failure to compete
1882 - European style took place	First National Bank - Bank of Japan - formed
REFORMS Heavy Industry Encouraged Importing Equipment	~ Iron/steel, shipbuilding ~ Create infrastructure eg. electricity ~ Established major mines, factories, shipyards ~ Battleship island - "hell"
REFORMS Light Industry Import of Real Materials	~ Clothing, textile, footwear ~ Textile important (silk), pay for changes ~ Girls 10-12 work 12-19 hour shifts
REFORMS Transport and Communications	~ From Commodore Perry's gifts ~ 1871 Telegraph and Postal Systems ~ 1872 Railway Linking Tokyo and Yokohama ~ 1885 Mitsubishi - Japanese mail line
1871 Telegraph and Postal Services	~ Cheaper to construct (than trains) ~ Linked all major cities to Japan 1880
1872 Railway Linking Tokyo and Yokohama	~ First railway line ~ Short-time 2 million people per year ~ 1874- Kobe to Osaka built, extended to Kyoto in 1877
REFORMS Zaibatsu State Owned Enterprises	~ State control - Privatisation ~ Provided a strong financial base for industry and promoted rapid economic growth
State Control - Privatisation	~ State modernised too fast, ran out of money ~ Family businesses ~ "National achievement, private profit" ~ Government sold off certain industries to private companies ~ Grew large businesses combines (Zaibatsu)
REFORMS Education - Stone of Japan	~ 1871 Ministry of Education ~ 1872 Decree - Primary Education ~ Second and Technical Schools ~ !871 Tokyo University - Principal training for future Government leaders
1871 Ministry of Education	Established to provide education to all people regardless of social class or gender; Non-Confucian/Samurai
1872 Decree - Primary Education	All Japanese have at least 4 years of primary schooling By 1910, 98% of Japanese students receive compulsory education
1871 Tokyo University Principal Training for Future Government Leaders	9 years later, reorganised into a multi-faculty university
1890 "Rescript on Education"	~ Ordered the Traditional Confucian and Shinto values not be neglected ~ Japan's leader succeeded in creating a literate, technologically advanced society ~ Strong nationalism and sense of obedience
REFORMS Legal	~ Inlpications of extraterritorial rights of foreigners ~ 1871 Judicial Department - Ministry of Justice ~ Criminal and Civil Law
Implications of Extraterritorial Rights of Foreigners	~ Japan humiliated by the existence of extraterritoriality ~ Removal of prime aim for judicial reform ~ 1900 Help of European lawyers, Japanese legal system overhauled (Western powers willing to give up demands)
Criminal and Civil Law	French criminal law German commercial law
Meiji Transformation	"Civilisation and enlightenment" Love of all things western Democratisation of Japan - Emperor at top Everyone had incentive - equal opportunity "rich nation, strong military"
Fukuzawa Yukichi	~ Popularised western style ~ Western timekeeping (clock) ~ "Prophet for the modern age" ~ Japanese currency ~ Representation of the spirit of Japan "Heaven creates no man above or below another man" ~ Progress in the national level success at the individual level
Westernisation	~ Haircutting - "if you slap a barbered head it sounds back civilisation and enlightenment" ~ Progress and aping - Few wanted to abolish Japanese language/interbreeding
MEIJI MODERNISATION International Relations	1. Search for economic autonomy - expansion in Asian mainland (Korea and China) 2. Search for security acquisition in strategic areas (Korea and Manchuria)
1. Search for economic autonomy - expansion in Asian mainland (Korea and China)	~ Colonies a source of food, raw materials, investment in Chinese capital (machinery) ~ Colonies considered being obtained by western powers
2. Search for security acquisition in strategic areas (Korea and Manchuria)	Japan able to protect themselves
Three Schools of Thought	1. Civil Bureaucrats (administrators) 2. Military Bureaucrats 3. Radicals The future of Japan was shaped in terms of conquest
Civil Bureaucrats (administrators)	advocated gradual change and peaceful absorption of western knowledge
Military Bureaucrats	desirable expansion
Radicals	wanted democratic government and social reform but placed military expansion first
The Sino-Japanese War Causes	expansion by vigorous modernising of Japan - expense of China
China Position	~ Suffered from corruption (misspending money) ~ Rebellion and foreign pressures (concessions and resources extracted by western powers - slicing of the Chinese melon)
SINO-JAPNESE WAR CAUSES Treaty of Tientsin	Signed 1871 - Japan benefitted from China's weaknesses - signed on basis of equality - the first time - reciprocation
SINO-JAPNESE WAR CAUSES Treaty of Tientsin - Provisions/Terms	~ Both countries citizens granted extraterritorial rights (subject to laws of their own nation) ~ Open ports for trade, no inland venture ~ Did not achieve most-favoured-nation clause - defeat, not strong enough to dictate
SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Loochoo Islands 1891	Spoke Japanese, paid tribute to China and Japan
SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Sailors Murdered in Taiwan	1871 - murdered by Aborigines
SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Japan Claimed Compensation (China also claimed the Loochoo's)	Refused Loochoos, did not involve Japanese citizens
SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Japan Sent Force Against Taiwanese	Did not accept China's claim, sent force 1874, appeared war outbreak
SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES China Capitulated (weakness) - Paid Indemnity to Japan	Japan withdrew troops, indemnity for sailors and military expedition
SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES 1879 Japan Formally Annexed Loochoo's as Okinawa Prefecture of Japan	China gave up claims - Japan victorious
Korea - The Hermit Kingdom	helpless under the suzerainty ('sovereign') of China, policy of isolation
Japan interested in Control of Korea	source raw materials and markets "dagger pointed at the heart of Japan" - Russian expansion
1868 Japan Attempts to Establish Diplomatic Relations Rejected	~ Request for mutual diplomatic recognition ~ Korean ruler rejected ~ Section of Japanese Government demanded war (avenge insult) ~ Peace party won - no war
1875 Japan Threatens Force	second mission negative result, before threat, Koreans gave way
1875 Treaty of Kanghwa	~ Diplomatic relations established ~ Three Korean ports opened to merchants ~ Japan recognised Korea, independent state, own gain ~ Extraterritorial rights granted to Japan (superior)
1875 Treaty of Kanghwa Korean Response	Korea still considered itself under the suzerainty of China
1875 Treaty of Kanghwa Korean Response Conservatives	Stay with China
1875 Treaty of Kanghwa Korean Response Progressives	look to Japan (vital)
1882 Attack of Japanese at the Legation at Seoul	Conservatives organised attack; Japanese government sent troops; situation ominous peace prevailed
1885 Li-To Convention	Japanese and Chinese both agree to withdraw troops from Seoul and notify each other if troops return
1894 Rebellion of Tong Kak Society	Faced by King of Korea; reactionary and anti-foreign group (conservatives) - Korea appeals to China
1894 Rebellion of Tong Kak Society JAPANESE RESPONSE	Japan sends 6x troops - 'supposedly' protect Japanese citizens in Korea
1894 Rebellion of Tong Kak Society OUTCOME	On arrival rebellion crushed by loyal Korean forces; Japanese unwilling to withdraw forces, provoke war, severe Korean connection with China
Japan deposed King of Korea - Set up Puppet Regent	~ Korean King refused Japanese insistence on indolence from China ~ Seized by Japanese soldiers, imprisoned in Japanese legation
Regent Severed Korean Connections with China	~ Puppet Regent - broke off diplomatic relations with China ~ China sent reinforcements in ship
The Kowshing Sunk by Japan China Declared War on Japan	Great loss of life; a week after, war officially declared
EVENTS/COURSE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1894-5 - CHINESE DEFEATS Pursued Across the Yalu River	~ Army hurled out of Korea ~ Followed by Japanese across the river ~ Raced across Manchuria ~ Lost battle in September
EVENTS/COURSE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1894-5 - CHINESE DEFEATS Port Arthur Stormed	~ Fell on November 21 ~ Japanese more skilful ~ Chinese ships; lack of ammunition, more ships ~ Massacre - lasted three months ~ Japanese loss of control, threatened their international reputation
EVENTS/COURSE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1894-5 - CHINESE DEFEATS Surrender at Wei Hai February 1895	~ Chinese fleet fell back ~ Defeat by forces everywhere ~ Chinese government forced to sue for peace
Peace Treaty of Shimonoseki	Signed 17 April 1895; China made concessions
Peace Treaty of Shimonoseki Terms	~ Korea recognised as an independent state by China ~ Japan gained territory; Liatuong Penisula, Taiwan and Pescadores Islands ~ Four new ports ~ Most-favoured nation rights - Japan (reaches status of Western powers) ~ China indemnity of 200 million taels
Japan Consequences	~ International prestige - "world power" ~ Domination of Korea by Japan ~ The "war party" acclaimed for victory (strengthened in Japan) ~ Japan embarked on expansionist, imperialistic course
Japanese "War Party"	Military influence in government grew (only governors and admirals could serve as ministers for army or navy)
China Consequences	~ Weakness and corruption of China ~ Desire to replace Mancha dynasty grew ~ Sparked off increasing demand for concession by Europeans (slicing of the Chinese melon grows) ~ Myth of "sleeping dragon" - nothing
Tripple Intervention	Russia, Germany and France "requested the Liatuong Penisula return to China Britain previously signed treaty
Tripple Intervention Reasons	~ Japanese occupation threatened the peace of the region ~ Russia desired Port Arthur - building a railway ~ Europe had to take Japan into calculation in diplomacy
Tripple Intervention Japanese Reaction	~ Japan not strong enough to fight three European powers - outraged ~ Japan "bear the unbearable," surrender territory ~ Accept 30 million taels to the indemnity
BOXER REBELLION Hatred for "Foreign Devils" 'Boxers of Society' or 'Harmonious Fists'	By-products of foreign intervention - growth anti-foreign feeling ANTI-CHRISTIAN, ANTI-FOREIGN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN NORTH CHINA
By-products of foreign intervention - growth anti-foreign feeling ANTI-CHRISTIAN, ANTI-FOREIGN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN NORTH CHINA	~ Boxers attack Christain missions, missionaries, converts and western innovations ~ Wished to destroy everything - foreign flavour ~ Forced out of Shantung - Peking Lay
Mancha Dynasty Response Boxer Rebellion	~ Empress Dowager strong policy against foreign powers in Japan - China resist force in unacceptable demands ~ Empress encouraged boxers; Imperial forces joined
BOXER REBELLION Arrival 1900	Attack foreign legations, murdered German and Japanese ambassadors

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