history empire essay questions

Pregunta	Respuesta
causes of the Indian Mutiny: cartridge.	-greased with cow fat so caused outrage amongst the sepoys
causes of the Indian Mutiny: Cultural and Religious.	-A lot of cultural change with the arrival of the brits much opposition from the Brahmin, didn't like the rehabilitation of the untouchable giving them education, or the ban on the sati, railways forced Brahmins to intermingle with untouchables, missionaries converted untouchable against the caste system
causes of the Indian Mutiny: Economic	-economy destroyed by cheap British goods -many cash crops were set up by the EIC causing famine -land taken from landlords given to British land owners
causes of the Indian Mutiny: Military and political	-policy of lapse taking over land 60% under EIC control -put out of work many previous controllers of region and caused a fear of losing land in the princes - to many Indian sepoys in the army 40,000 European to 270,000 men
reasons for the invasion of Egypt/Sudan (1882) : strategic	-location, suez lock point to the world don't need to go around Africa -important in controlling medi -french and Italian spreading in the region -head waters of the Nile
reasons for the invasion of Egypt/Sudan: Economic	-Hobson traders bully the government into intervention for their own benefit -protect investment from Arabi pasha anti-European, protect suez from 1 million ton in 1871 to 10 million 30 years later - all the debt from Egypt own to Britain -80% of exports to Britain -cotton industry
reasons for the invasion of Egypt/Sudan: social and moral	-100,000 europeans in Egypt fear for them, 50 killed in Alexandria -Gordon
reasons for the invasion of Egypt/Sudan: political	-Disraeli bought the shares of Suez -Gladstone wanted to only temporarily invade the region -He did have 37% of his fortune in the region though -next two prime ministers were conservative so wanted to stay in country and permanently annex -failure to save Gordon made Gladstone lose with increasing literacy.
Reasons for the scramble for Africa (1860-1899): economic support	-Egypt (see above) -West Africa Goldie's business e.g. palm oil, successful economic policy beat the french -East limited economic interest, but McKinnon was business man with shares and was Charted company ( EAC) -South Africa Gold and diamond potential causes of Boer war -industrial revolution caused surplus so needed new market to expand in
Reasons for the scramble for Africa (1860-1899): economic against	-investment were sluggish before 1900s, only 2% of investment went to West Africa in 1913 -informal empire (imports only 25% from empire, and only 37% exports to empire)
Reasons for the scramble for Africa (1860-1899): international relation for	-balance of power between European powers, this would be extended to Colonialism (e.g. west Africa French dominated so British asserted, Berlin conf, claims to diminish french control) -Karl Peters in East Africa Germany, asserted claims in East Africa as well (got involved in Kenya Uganda) -take over Bechuanaland to stop the Boer's linking with the german colony
Reasons for the scramble for Africa (1860-1899): Int relations against	-Taylor main historian supporting this argument and he had an anti-german Bias as written during WW2 -Why would great power go through the pain of taking colony, expensive in man power and costly, how did that help them in power balance.
Reasons for the scramble for Africa (1860-1899): Events on the periphery/ man on the spot, for	-Historian Gallagher and Robison theory -rather have informal rule when possible, like the informal empire (trade with China, Argentina...) -Only intervene when necessary like in Egypt with Arabi revolt threaten canal, Sudan as well with Gordon -Civil war in Uganda forced Britain to step up and replace the bankrupt EAC
Reasons for the scramble for Africa (1860-1899): Events on the periphery/ man on the spot, against	-In South Africa against the Boers wasn't necessary to invade the Boer state, -If they simple wanted to trade why did they make all these claims during the Berlin conference losing the informal aspect
Reasons for the scramble for Africa (1860-1899): moral and social, for	-racialist view of the world (social darwinism, pre-nazi), order of races some being better than others. -So had to educate the locals it was the burden of the White 'the higher race' to educate and help them out of their 'misery'. -missionaries built schools and hospitals, but didn't always help the colonial force sometimes opposing them -could be argued that the Boer were very racist and had 'servants' which were similar to slaves so the British invaded to stop that
Reasons for the scramble for Africa (1860-1899): moral and social, against	-very rarely was a reason for taking over land most the time a reason to stay in the colonies
Causes of the 2nd Boer war: gold and diamond	-Diamond Rush in Kimberly, 1867, (West Griqualand annexed by the brits) 3,000 immigrants to the border of the Orange Free State, one of the causes of 1st Boer war -Gold Rush in 1886 in Witwatersrand (Transvaal) with 60,000 Uitlander by 1896. tension with the Uitlander, since they outnumbered the Boers 2:1, no voting rights for the Uitlander. fear of Losing their way of living to the Brits -many Boer states rich making it a threat to the Brits.
Causes of the 2nd Boer war: causes of the first Boer war and consequences	-Bartle Frere sent by Lord Carnarvon in SA to create a confederation like the Canada model. Refused by the Boer state creating tensions, and also other states didn't want to support poorer Boer state. -Diamond is a cause (see above) -Zulu war forced the Boers to accept British annexation but refusal to give back land after the Zulu war triggered the 1st Boer war which was won by the Boers (Majuba hill 1881) creating great resentment from the Brits.
Causes of the 2nd Boer war: Long term tensions	-Cape colony taken from the Dutch during Napoleonic wars. -Ban of slavery in 1833 caused great tension between the Brits and the Boers and caused the great Trek of the Boers up north. Didn't have same ideals which created tension.
Causes of the 2nd Boer war: The politics and personalities	-Kruger (Boer leader) was rigid, seeing the British and the Uitlanders as a threat. He tried to limit the power of the British company during the gold Rush putting high taxes and limiting access to certain materials (dynamite). Uitlander had limited rights, couldn't vote limiting immigration. -Rand millionaire pushing the Brits to invade to get rid of the rigidness -Cecil Rhodes, fervent expansionist, millionaire and Cape colony prime lauched the Jameson Raids to overthrow the Kruger (1895) . -Big failure and Cecil was replaced by Milner sent by Chamberlain, he just wanted war -Bloemfontein conference 1899 failed to avoid war with unreasonable terms by Milner, Kruger said "it's our country you want"
Causes of the 2nd Boer war: International relations	-Boer built railway to Portuguese port in 1894 making less reliant on the Cape -Alliance concluded between OFS and the Transvaal in 1897 -German support for the Boers through their new colony in west Africa (1884), Kaiser sent telegram to Kruger after Jameson raid -German Mauser rifle for all men over 16 -annexation of Bechuanaland to stop the linking up of German ad Boers -Milner seized opportunity to invade when the German eventually disavowed their support for the Boers.
To what extent did Curzon strenghten British rule in India: law, military and int relations strengthen	-strengthen law and order an efficient police force and created an intelligence service, as well as improving court system -faced the international threat with the french and Russian in Persia and Tibet respectively, he sent troops to put the countries back in line with the Brits, as well as creating a buffer state in Afghanistan v the Russian -army restructured and put under Lord kitcheners command
To what extent did Curzon strenghten British rule in India: economic reforms strenghten	-protected the farmers a lot, stopping land confiscation (sunset laws) as well as passing the Punjab Land Alienation Act, stopping agricultural land transfer to non farmers. -sent the Moncrieff Commission which repaired and build canals and irrigation. All this reducing famines -lowered taxes and pinned the currency to the gold standard. -trade and commerce department, 6000 miles of rail way -repaired the Taj Mahal, mass appeal to the Farmers and princes -kill the Nationalist with competence
To what extent did Curzon strengthen British rule in India: weakened	-hated the middle class elite being formed and the INC, and tried to reduce their power (e.g. Calcutta corporation was made majority European) -Biggest mistake was the division of Bengal (1905), the Nationalist were struggling before that, wanted to created a Muslim and Hindu part. INC saw this as a direct attack on them since they had land in the Muslim areas. and Bengal was the centre of the Nationalism. -made many middle class Indians join the boycott of British goods, which turned into the mouvement of non-cooperation. -Curzon resigned in 1905 after 6 years further weaken since he was a competent.

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