chapter 3: sensation and perception

Pregunta	Respuesta
Transduction	Physical stimuli converted into nerve impulses
Psychophysics	Relationship between physical stimuli and senSory CAPABILITIES
There are ___major branches of psychophysics.	2
2 branches of psychophysics?	Limits of sensitivity Difference between sensitivity
2 Branches of psychophysics?	Absolute limits: softest sound or weakest salt conc'n humans can detect; level of intensity a human can detect in a certain amt, of time Difference: "magnitude of the smallest difference between two stimuli of differing intensities that the participant is able to detect." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysics
Absolute threshold	Lowest intensity at which a stimuli can be detected 50 percent of time.
Lower the threshold, ___the sensitivity	Greater
STUDY	Absolute threshold for the major senses
standard of how certain they must be that a stimulus is present before they will say they detect it	Decision criterion
Signal detection theory	Concerned with the factors that influence sensory judgement; rewards, punishments, expectations, and motivational rewards
Affected by characteristics of the participants and nature of the situation	Stimulus present? Yes or no Participants response? Yes or no 4 case scenarios
Difference threshold	Smallest difference BETWEEN TWO STIMULI perceived 50 percent of the time
Compare difference and absolute threshold.	Difference threshold: the smallest difference between two stimuli perceived 50 percent of the time Absolute threshold: The smallest intensity of stimulus that can be perceived 50 percent of the time
WEBER'S LAW ****	STUDY****
Subliminal stimulus	Received by senses but NOT perceived correctly. Weak and brief -Subconscious mind
diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus with the passage of time as sensory neurons habituate to the stimulation	Sensory adaptation
Sensation refers to the activities by which our sense organs receive and transmit information, whereas perception involves the brain's processing and interpretation of the information.	Sensation vs perception
Normal stimulus for vision?	EMR
The portion of the visual stimuli that we perceive is?	Colour: visible portion of EMR
How does red compare to blue?	Red: higher wavelength, lower frequency Blue: Lower wavelength, higher frequency
Cornea	Transparent protective structure at front of the eye
Behind cornea?	Pupil; adjustable; dilates and constricts to let more or less light through
Iris	Regulates size of the pupil
Ciliary muscles STUDY	Regulate shape of lens
Image entering eye is ____ by the lens and then ____on the retina, which contains ______cells.	reversed; cast; photoreceptor
Thinner to focus on distant objects; thicker to focus on nearby objects;	lens
behind pupil; reverses image and focuses it on the retina	lens
near-sightedness; light focused before retina; eyeball longer than normal	Myopia
Hyperopia	Far-sightedness; short eyeball; light focuses to far from retina; lens does not thicken enough Common among older people
Label? Image: eye-diagramggg.PNG (image/PNG)	A-Ganglion cells B- Bipolar cells C-Rod and Cone cells D-Optic nerve F-Eye E-Light
STUDY: PARTS OF THE EYE	STUDY
STUDY: PATHWAY THROUGH RETINA	STUDY
STUDY	CONCAVE VS CONVEX
RODS	-Brightness -Black and white - 500 times more sensitive to light than cones -Function best in dim light -120 million rods (MUCH more rods than cones)
cones	6 million cones (not nearly as much as rods) Function best in bright settings Less sensitive to light than cones
Cones ___ in concentration? Rods?	No rods in fovea. Periphery of retina contains mostly rods Cones decrease in conc'n farther away from retina
Bipolar cells	Connections between rods and cones
Ganglion cells	Synapse with bipolar cells; axons form optic nerve
Visual acuity	Ability to see finer detail; better when light focused on the fovea
Rods and cones translate light waves into nerve impulses through the action of protein molecules called	Photopigments
is the progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low illumination	Dark adaptation
Trichromatic theory	the colour vision theory originally advanced by Young and Helmholtz that there are three types of colour receptors in the retina and that combinations of activation of these receptors can produce perception of any hue in the visible spectrum
the theory proposed by Hering that the retina contains three sets of colour receptors that respond differentially to red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white; the opponent processes that result can produce a perception of any hue	Opponent-process theory
Dual-process theory	he modern colour vision theory that posits cones that are sensitive to red, blue, and green, and opponent processes at the level of ganglion cells and beyond
Colour blindness?	study
the area of the occipital lobe which receives impulses generated from the retina via the thalamus and analyzes visual input by using its feature detectors	Primary visual cortex
sensory neurons that respond to particular features of a stimulus, such as its shape, angle, or colour	Feature detectors
Parallel processing	our ability to use our senses to take in a variety of information about an object and construct a unified image of its properties
cortical areas in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes that analyze visual stimuli sent to the primary visual cortex in relation to stored knowledge and that establish the “meaning” of the stimuli	Visual association cortex
is the technical measure of cycles per second	Hertz (Hz)
the number of sound waves, or cycles, per second	Frequency
refers to the vertical size of the sound waves—that is, to the amount of compression and expansion of the molecules in the conducting medium.	Amplitude
The sound wave's ______ is the primary determinant of the sound's perceived loudness	Amplitude
Differences in amplitude are expressed as_____ , a measure of the physical pressures that occur at the eardrum	decibels (db)
a small coil-shaped structure of the inner ear that contains the receptors for sound	Cochlea
a membrane that runs the length of the cochlea and contains the organ of Corti and its sound receptor hair cells	Basilar membrane
study	parts and functions of the ear
study	pathway of sound through ear
structure embedded in the basilar membrane that contains the hair cell receptors for sound	organ of Corti
the theory of pitch perception that holds that the number of nerve impulses sent to the brain by the hair cells of the cochlea corresponds to the frequency of the sound wave; this theory is accurate at low frequencies	Frequency theory
the theory of pitch perception that holds that sound frequencies are coded in terms of the portion of the basilar membrane where the fluid wave in the cochlea peaks; this theory accounts for perception of frequencies above 4000 Hz	Place theory
Conduction deafness	hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlear receptor cells or the auditory nerve	Nerve deafness
Gustation	the sense of taste
Olfaction	Sense of smell
are chemical senses because their receptors are sensitive to chemical molecules rather than to some form of energy	Gustation and olfaction
the receptors for taste in the tongue and in the roof and back of the mouth that are sensitive to the qualities of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter	Taste buds
Olfactory bulb	a forebrain structure immediately above the nasal cavity
chemical signals found in natural body scents	Pheromones
The tendency for some women who live together over time to become more similar to one another in the timing of their menstrual cycles	Menstrual synchrony
theory that proposes that the experience of pain results from the opening and closing of “gating mechanisms” in the nervous system	Gate-control theory
Endorphin	natural opiate-like substances that are involved in pain reduction
the body sense that provides feedback on the position and movements of our body parts	Kinesthesis
the sense of body orientation or equilibrium	Vestibular sense
devices that provide sensory input that can, to some extent, substitute for what blind and deaf people are not supplied by their sensory receptors	Sensory prosthetic devices
Bottom-up processing.	The system takes in individual elements of the stimulus and combines them in a unified perception
Top-down processing	Sensory information interpreted in the light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations
Perception is selective . People are given	Shadowing
Shadowing	Perception is selective. People given two messages at only time can only resay one.
Unattentional blindness.	The failure of unattended stimuli to register in consciousness
Unattentionsl blindness	When someone has poor attention to stimuli and cannot see some stimuli
Figure ground relations	When there is a focus stimulus perceived as being in front of a background stimulus.
Gestalt laws	Laws of perceptual organization advanced by gestalt psychologists. Similarity, closure, continuity, proximity
Image: LASIK_Diagram (image/jpg)	The pathway of light through the eye
Image: ISFG00439_Eye5555.JPG (image/JPG)	Image: ISFG00439_Eye (image/jpg)
Image: pas77416_0506_lg (image/jpg)	Label eye and retina layers
STUDY:	Retina processing of light

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chapter 3: sensation and perception

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