Nationalism

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How is the study of nationalism multidisciplinary?	Poli sci: state, elites & ideas, institutions History: case studies Anthro: ethnicity & culture Philosophy: normative meanings & value Sociology: social structures & classes Psychology: symbols, identity, emotions Literature & art: rep. of nations in art & lit Geography: territory econ: development, rationality, incentives
What is 'Political philosophy' and the ‘Century of Nationalism'?	-Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Thinking about government and the general ‘will.’ -Johann Herder and Johann Fichte: lamenting the ‘artificial’ fragmentation of the German nation. -Revolutions and unification: the end of Empires
Explain The World Wars and the Early Academic Study of Nationalism?	•A War of Nationalisms: studying the nationalism of states •Hans Kohn: The Idea of Nationalism (1944) •World War II: Nationalism and Fascism. •Nationalism and liberation: decolonization •The Early Cold War period: dormant nationalism studies. •Karl Deutsch: Nationalism and social communication (1966)
Explain the contemporary study of nationalism?	•The 1970s and 1980s: nationalism in the West and the developing world. •The end of the Cold War and the dismantlement of the Soviet Union: an explosion in scholarship. •The many angles of nationalism studies: violence, gender, rights, development, etc... •The key journals: Nations and Nationalism; Nationalism and Ethnic Politics; Ethnic and Racial Studies; Ethnopolitics
Explain the relationship between the nation and the state.	The Nation is not a state. •The state is an institutional concept. •The state is a legal concept. •The nation is a sociological concept. •The nation-state. •The multinational state
What are the different definitions of the state?	Objective definitions & Subjective definitions (Ernest Renan & the everyday plebiscite; Hugh Seton-Watson). •Benedict Anderson: Imagined Community (absence of face-to-face relations). •Walker Connor: the ‘homeland.’ •Anthony Smith: the ethnic core.
what is sub state nationalism? state nationalism? other types of nationalism?	Sub-state nationalism: nationalist movements within a state. State nationalism: the unseen. Patriotism. Majority nationalism, dominant nationalism, dominant ethnicity.
what's the difference between civic and ethnic nationalism?	A conceptual distinction meant to address the apparent ‘Janus-faced’ nature of nationalism. ‘Good’ and ‘bad’ nationalism Originally anchored in a geographical dichotomy (West-East). Historically associated with France and Germany as archetypes.
civic nationalism in literature?	Membership in the nation is the product of an expression of will, the respect of specific (liberal) political values. No importance given to descent or culture. Deemed modern, inclusive, progressive, forward-looking, nonviolent: good nationalism. Traditionnally associated with state nationalism.
what is ethnic nationalism in the literture?	Membership in the nation is determined by birth/descent. Will is not sufficient. Deemed backwards, exclusive, nostalgic, violent and destructive; the bad nationalism. Most closely (though not exclusively) associated with sub-state nationalism, especially in Eastern Europe and the developing world.
what's the continuum of the ethnic civic nationalism dichotomi?	cultural nationalism? ideal types, a spectrum. civic nationalism examples: US, netherlands, France. Hard to have a nation or nationalism without a cultural factor such as language, religion, etc
David Browns article?	distinction between civic and cultural nationalism. one is good, liberal, voluntarist, the other is bad, radical, ascriptive and exclusive.
according to david brown, what does cultural nationalism refer to?	belief in myths of common ancestry, perception that these myths are validated by contemporary similarities of physiogonamy, language or religion, etc. provide basis for claims for authenticity and right to collective national self determination.
according to david brown, what does civic nationalism refer to?	sense of community, residence in a common territorial homeland, involvement in states and civil society institutions, generate distinctive national character and civic culture, such that all citizens, despite ancestry, comprise a community with a common destiny.
According to walker connor, what are the 2 prerequisites of understanding nationalism?	1. recorgnized as such, 2. it and only it be identified as such
according to walker connor, what is the relationship between subnationalism and loyalty?	subnationalism is an affirmation of ultimate victory of state loyalty over ethnic loyalty
walker connor, what does nation state also mean?	multi nation state- where nationalism means loyalty to the state. whereas ethnicity, primodialis, regionalis, tribalis, communalism, mean loyalty to the nation
according to walker connor, what is the most essential thing fo German to become a nation?	aside from language, religion, location, and other concrete factors, these weren't of necessity because German nation had self awareness and self determination. were a self defining group.
according to walker connor, Hitler could make appeals to the german people in the name of what...? why? what's another example of a nation associated with the state?	homeland, state, nation, because they all triggered the same emotional associations. Same with Japan and the japanese nation.
why is the essence of a nation intangible according to walker connor? definition of nation?	this essence is a psychological bond that joins a people and differentiates it, in the subconcious of its conviction of its members from all other people in most vital way. definition- social group which shares common ideology, institutions, customs, sense of homogeniety. strong group sense of belonging associated with a particular territory considered to be pecularily its own.
When did nations emerge: The primordialism position?	Nations are objective realities (‘givens’ of social existence; are defined by culture &/or descent; culture/language have an inherent subjective meaning; ancient; respond to a human need; perennial; nations before nationalism). Anthos saw sense of solidarity & tht nations exist b/w members of a commity= objective reality
Within the primordialism position of nationalism, what did this mean? what did anthropologists see?	nations constructed real communities which were considered given of society. Naturally divided communities. Can't opt in or out. Communities were created from culture and decent. little room for change. Nations are ancient, not imagined, always existed because they fulfill a need. need satisfied on macro level by nation.
What is an assumption that primordialists position takers make?	What determines nation your part of is a combination of culture markers such as language and religion as well as decent, skin color, etc. No suggestion that people can be a member of a different nation. Inherit meaning to culture and language. Culture and language lead to an identity. And that link is necessary and unavoidable
Why do primordialists suggest that nations are perennial? how is it ascriptive?	Objective reality that satisfied a basic human need to be longed, and because of that, it existed as humans have been around and will exist as long as we exist. nations generate nationalism from this perspective. it sprung from these nations as an expression of their reality. Sense of exclusion- ascriptive, you’re born into a nation, can’t be part of 2 nations at once. Language is more than means of communication, it’s about identity
WHat was the critique of primordialism?	nothing is a ‘given’; not all cultures/languages produce national identities; context is important.
What is the modernist position?	Nations are constructed by states.
What does it mean for the modernist position to believe that nations are created by states?	existence of a nation before a state is impossible, would avoid indigenous people and say quebec has provincial autonomy given by the state. nations can only be created and legitimized by the state. avoids subnations unless created by the state. nation not about culture. Nation created because of a need for cohesiveness through the creation of a state, to develop more, homogenize under one state, capitalism can thrive. Nation created by the state through education, history, national anthem as a strategy for the state to create the nation.
Why is the modernist position more inclined towards civic nationalism?	More inclined towards civic nationalism. Nationalism a good thing for modernists because it’s the end product of a society that is developed, bureaucratized, modernized, capitalized. Programs that states run, contribute to nationalism of the state. Discourse of the state towards the nation.
Why do modernists argue that the nation is modern?	their development corresponds to a specific period in European history. By definition nations are modern. Nations were born in Europe in 18th century. Colonialism that exported nationalism, be governed by our own- European invention.
What is Ernest Gellner's functionalist theory of nationalism? Modernist position	Nation served a function- to facilitate modernity, to facilitate capitalized development
Modernist position on nations and nationalism and the empirical problem?	Nationalism creates nations. Can not explain multinational states which is an Empirical problem
What is the ethno symbolist position?	Middle range position. Anthony Smith and the ethnic core. Emotions, culture, symbols, myths, narratives. Why do followers follow? Nations can not be invented nor can they be constructed from scratch.
for the ethno symbolic position, explain Anthony SMilth and the ethnic core?	Every nation, you can find an ethnic core. Community of decent of language and culture in core, not necessarily all but a core. Ethnic origins of nations- not a modernist idea.
WHat does the ethno symbolic position focus on?	emotions, symbols, culture, myths, narratives. It is crucial to understanding nations and nationalism- modernists disregard this
according to the ethno symbolic position, why can't nations be invented or created from scratch?	Needs to be an ethnic core or something a community will relate to. example: Italy and Padania. North Italy, no real nation and something that they all could relate to, failed due to lack of a strong apparatus of a nation.
explain the instrumentalists: elites position?	Hungry for power- 1 group against another, going back to history, adapting it, showing it in a diff way. Recent version of modernism- heavily attach to the state. Instrument- nations are constructed by state & political actors within the state. Political elites & leaders are instrumental in creating nations. Process of politics creates nations b/c when people look for power & ways to mobilize & organize politically, references to nation are useful
What is the institutionalists position on nations?	o Near Gellner position Institutions that create nations Political institutions like government, bureaucracies, health care system, education, political system, etc. Autonomy of Quebec created ability to serve the basis of a nation. Language, institutions, etc.
structuralists: uneven devlopment position?	Communities within a state w/ development or less development than avg. Hard to find nationalism in a state with low economic development. Exact connection is not clear however- Scottish nationalism- less wealth than US, but still nationalistic. Works both ways. Marxists – Bourgeois vs Proletariat- one exploits the other. Nationalism as a reaction to capitalism and exploitation
Rationalists position on nations?	Business of nations and nationalism is based on self-interest. People will belong if it satisfies their personal interest. Nothing important about nations- way for people to regroup to maximize their wealth
what do states do when a group or community reaize they are a nation and want self autonomy?	1. non accomadation 2. strengthening representation in central institutions. 3. symbolic recognition 4. fiscal redistibution, economic investment, welfare programs 5. federalism and autonomy
What is non accomadation of nations?	difference eliminating (mcgarry & oleary). assimilation (forced cultural change, language and education). ethnic cleansing (killing anyone diff). population exchanges. (turkey and greece after ww2) state majority citizens seeking loyalty for state nad its nation through integration.
how do nations seek loyalty through majority citizen nationalism through integration?	states promoting their own nation respectfully to make people feel they don't belong- ex of spain, avoids seccession with strong nationalism. no recognition of other nations
How do states accomadate throug representation?	representation of minorities in govt oand the bureaucracy. cabinet representation over representation in govt access to higher levels of power- head of gov't, alternating b/w eng and French Cabinet position speaking on behalf of minority national community
Symbolic recognition under accomadations of nations means?	Identity component - recognized as nation Pol & xonstitutionaak ecognition- diff movements = diff claims , especially in constitution Nation, distinct society, nationality - fear of encouraging seccesion tho recognition of nation
What is discal distribution, welfare programs and investment within accomadation of ntions	Funding formulas (bernett formula in Uk) equalization programs Buying off- potential secessionist voters. - through money, incentives to avoid independence Creating nd strengthening territorial solidarity. Welfare state
federalism and autonomy to accomadate nations?	The unitary state Federations Federalism: principle, idea. Self-rule and shared-rule. Federal political systems (‘federacies’ Autonomy Confederation
what is a federation?	description for a state which divides sovereignty and divides powers
federations are important why? examples?	Canada is a federation. A state w/ constitutionally recognized status of autonomy… Article 91 & 92. Powers of federal govt & powers of provincial govt. These powers can’t be changed unilaterally by the government. Because no simple vote- not constitutional Division of sovereignty, division of powers specified in constitution which can’t be altered unilaterally by any government. US, Germany, Switzerland, Argentina, Ethiopia, all federations
what is a unitary state for accomadating nations?	Basic feature is that sovereignty rests completely within the state. State can create regions, cities, districts, etc. All of these things created by state and can be erased by the state. Autonomy is not constitutionally protected. State can modify authority whenever it wants and can even take it away. When states provide autonomy to one particular minority without providing it to anyone else, still a unitary state
federalism as an idea?	Federalism is a political idea/principle which involves reconciling unity and diversity. If a state decides to provide autonomy to a minority community and give them own govt and own powers, doesn’t necessarily become a federation, because not in constitution and not protected under it. But used as a idea of federation. Independent and interdependent . Independence and province that is located in a greater ensemble- interdependence
how should the state manage nationalist movements through federal princple?	Fed principle suggest that to manage nationalist movements, states should afford them some level of autonomy- that’s not ‘dangerous’- acceptable way of dealing with claims for increased autonomy or independence
what is federalism as a principle or idea?	o Self rule and shared rule- federalism o Negotiate percentage- how much will be self rule and how much will be shared rule
federal political systems (federacies) are..?	o Defined as some kind of a compact or connection between a community that is typically outside a state with a state o Island states today have connections with bigger states o This is a federacy- idea of self rule and shared rule is present
What is a confederation and is canada one?	Grouping of sovereign states. Grouping of independent states. Provinces are not independent states. Canada never was a confederation. Transitory arrangements. Confederation of independent states. Best known confederation is the European Union. Size doesn’t matter in confederations
what is the accomadative power of federalism?	• Territorial autonomy typically what nationalist movements want. • Decentralization of sensitive policy areas (language, culture, economic development) can reduce conflict. • Decentralization gives minority national communities tools for their own social, cultural, political and economic development. o This can sometimes be enough o A sense that they are in control • Decentralization gives elites of the minority national community political power. • Decentralization gives a certain standing/status/recognition to the minority national community
what is the paradox of federalism?	Federalism consolidates national identity that may be fluid by nature (Giving community its own police force, govt, bureaucracy, You’re freezing that identity, Making sure it’s never going to disappear, Institutionalizing nationalists: No radicalism nor disappearance). Federalism institutionalizes ‘the other.’ Federalism gives power to politicians who might want secession. Federalism builds political and administrative capacity (which can later be put to use in secessionist efforts). slippery slope
what is consociational democracy?	Majoritarian and consociational democracy. (consensus- not all decisions were made by majority rule, willingness of majority group to share power). Democracy in deeply divided society. Power-sharing between groups (Need majority group that it’s not going to govern like a majority- will govern as if it’s 50% of population, Majority group accepts that it will not dominate government). Cabinet parity. Northern Ireland The problems of consociational democracy: ‘freezing’ of groups and identities: the dominance of ‘ethnic’ parties; quality of democracy.
what is an example of consociational domcracy?	Irish and the British catholics vs protestants British state and Irish state really wanted peace in northern island – thus this type of democracy worked- still segregated however. solution was for protestants to accept to share power with catholics
What is the good friday peace treaty?	o Stipulates that both groups will have equal representation in government o Equal veto in government- both can equally say NO o Worked well Irish vs british
problem with concociational democracy?	o Freezes identities- have to identify with one group or the other o Only groups with protestants or Catholics in Ireland o Elections don’t matter o Government will be 50/50
advantages of federalism when accomadating nations?	o Using federalism and autonomy because that’s what nationalist movements want o Federalism has logic of reducing strength of nationalism and making it less radical because it offers opportunity for groups to govern themselves through their own sense of power to reduce secession and desire of independence o Federalism also makes sure help long time survival and make sure nationalism exists- paradox of nationalism
what is the politics of self determination?	Autonomy, independence (internal, external self-determination). Who has a right to self-determination? Self-determination, secession, and territorial integrity. Who has a right to secession? Politics and international law. Self-determination and democracy.
What do you need to be independant as a nation state?	• To be independent, you need to be recognized as such by independent nations, otherwise it’s a strange situation • States who oppose independence, result from economics • Taiwan functions as its own state • Has everything, government, functions, but no recognition
Why are referendums important for self determination for a state?	 TOOL to recognize secession- always a referendum o Using democracy to make an argument about secession- referendum o Violence back then, but can’t do that in a liberal democracy in modern days o End goal is recognition- want to be recognized as independent state by independent states, have to show first condition of a strong majority of people who want it through a referendum o Tool for acquiring autonomy, recognition, self determination, and independence o Canada is rare- one of the few states to allow a referendum on allowing independence of a group within the state- Quebec as a liberal democracy o Spain refused to do this. o Legitimate, democratic exercise
What are points for and against referendums and seccesion for nations?	• Independence is not a wise economic choice- involves disturbance in trading patterns, costs for new independent state • Opposing indepndance almost always think of economic costs • Supporting indepdance would think of contextual situations • References to a new beginning • Ability of governing oneself completely without considering interests of other people
Examples of states who would or wouldn't consider referendums for independance?	Quebec, Iraqi kurds, scotland • Spain- unconstitutional, illegal, if you do it you’ll go to jail • States are reluctant to even consider their own demise • States can prevent independence if they want to decide to use force and have intl. community on their side
Why is chinese nationalism important?	paradigmatic case of nationalism and consequential case. Diff theories to explain chinese nationalism such as modernist: industrial revolution, rapidly growing due to innovation and modernism. chinas nationalism is a consequence of modernism. consequence of seccesionism. Taiwan wanting to leave, nationalism to unite and avoid secession. cleavages that they needed nationalism to unify the different regions. nationalism influences the way china behaved and interacts in the world.
what is the china publicity campaign?	video at Times square. portrayes chinese pride and talents. Nationalism towards country
perspective on chinese nationalism?	Chinese exceptionalism- Chinese pride China feels that they're an exception in comparison to the world. Longest living civilization on earth. Chinese nationalists always said that china was destined for greatness- thats wat makes them exceptional- their own pride. Rapid developing country because of industrialization. An authoritarian and "communist" country, A rising superpower
What led to the decline of the Qing dynasty?	domestic challenges such as rebellions and uprisings. population pressures, often blamed on Manchu and foreign encorachment. Opium wars against the British and the Sino Japanese war. unequal treaties.
opium wars? unequal treaties? dates?	first opium war: 1839-1842 trade imbalance, limited trading rights, "opium as solution". over 700 unequal treaties. Treaty Ports and foreign concessions: Treaty of Nanjing: Hong Kong ceded to the UK Extra-territoriality and indemnity.
What was the Sino Japan war about?	Korean influence Naval and terrestrial battles Treaty of Shimonoseki Taiwan ceded to Japan 1894-1895
challenges of modernization for china?	Nationalism imported alongside modernization. Popular "nationalism" Xenophobic expression (Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1901). Elitist nationalism Modernization with or without Westernization?
what is the self strengthening movement of china? Tiyong	Chinese Essence (philosophy, culture) Ti 體: Substance, essence VS Western technology Yong 用: Function, use
what is the 100 days reform? 1898 in china and nationlism?	Aims for more fundamental institutional) reform. Partly modeled on Japan’s Meiji Restauration. Constitutional monarchy Modernization of education system imperial examination system Industrialization, etc... Ends in coup
Republican china:	(Revive China Society) ((Chinese) United League) ("Chinese Nationalist Party") 1. Nationalism (Minzu): China to the Chinese (anti-Manchu) 2. Democracy (Minquan): elections 3. Well-being (Minsheng): socialism and land redistribution
What was China's new culture movement?	Questioning of Confucianism, change in social order, democracy, (western) scientific thinking, nationalism Creation of a national language Western-style education Abolition of examination system Translation of western books May 4th Movement: Reaction to Versailles Treaty Problem of Shandong concession
why was nationalism a replacement for communism in china?	Economic reform without political liberalization . Need to justify economic transition. Need to legitimize authoritarian political order. Confucian revival
explain china as a civilization?	Ethnic/cultural nationalism Chinese exceptionalism Chinese dream ("Let's make China great again") "Revanchist" nationalism (Cabestan 2005) China destined for greatness but persecuted and held back by foreign powers Historical territorial and cultural claims Integrity of current/Qing territory must be preserved
How is china a rapidly developing country?	Reform in Chinese nationalism Continuing tendency to advocate modernization while protecting China's essence "Scientific development" and the harmonious society Justification for authoritarianism or rejection of "Western" concepts deemed incompatible with Chinese culture "China model" of development and performance legitimacy
china as an authoritarian country?	Predominance of official state nationalism Civic and multicultural in name Patriotism : PRC and CCP as protectors of Chinese interests Criticism of government and calls for regime change labeled as unpatriotic Sources of legitimacy: Economic development Revival of Confucianism, Asian values discourses "Socialist rule of law" or "Rule by law"
How did china rise to power?	Discourses of modernity, science, progress, institutions, etc. that give the impression of socialization into "universal" values Instrumental use of concepts, strategies, institutions, etc., that enable China to project itself on the world stage Use of soft-power (increasingly sharp-power) One Belt One Road initiative South China Sea claims

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