VCE Psychology Definitions (Unit 2)

Pregunta	Respuesta
Attitude	an evaluation a person makes about an issue, person, event, group or object
Evaluation	a judgement made either positive, negative or neutral about some aspect of our lives and the world in which we live
Primary Effect	where the initial impressions we form of a person are more influential than any later information
Repeated Exposure	attitudes can form simply by being exposed to an issue, person, event, group or object repeatedly
Classical Conditioning	when there is repeated association of two different stimuli
Operant Conditioning	behaviour that is based on the assumption that it will be repeated (or not) if linked to a reward or punishment
Modelling	attitudes may be adopted when someone uses observation of another person to guide their future thoughts, feelings and behaviours
Affective Component	feelings (emotional reactions) an individual has towards an issue, person, event, group or object
Behavioural Component	the actions or way in which an attitude is expressed
Cognitive Component	the belief we have about an issue, person, event, group or object
Stereotype	collection of beliefs that we have about people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group
Prejudice	holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group based solely on their membership of that group
In-group	any group that you belong to or identify with
Outgroup	Any group that you do not belong to or identify with
Intergroup Conflict	when members of different groups compete to achieve or control something that is wanted by members of each group
Attribution	the process of trying to explain observed behaviour in terms of a particular cause
Cognitive Interventions	changing the way in which someone thinks about prejudice
Media	relaying information to break down stereotypes
Education	information to break down stereotypes and increase awareness of the harm created by prejudice
Equality of Status	two groups must have equal status in order to reduce prejudice
Sustained Contact	Certain types of direct contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice by leading to the re-evaluation of stereotypes
Mutual Interdependence	two groups in a situation where they are dependent on each other are more likely to break stereotypes
Superordinate Goals	a goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals that each group may have. leads to cooperation and mutual interdependence
Direct Discrimination	when someone is treated less favourably than another person in a similar circumstance
Indirect Discrimination	when a requirement, condition or practice that appears fair actually discriminates against someone
Questionnaire	written set of questions that are used in research as part of a survey method of gathering data
Observational Studies	watching and describing behaviour as it occurs. The behaviour under investigation is clearly visible and can be recorded
Rating Scales	a series of fixed response questions or statements about different aspects of an attitude to which the respondents indicate the extent of their agreement or disagreement
Self Report Methods	written or spoken answers to questions or statements presented by the researcher. most are compared
Sample Survey	collects information from a carefully selected group of people which the researcher believes has characteristics that are representative of the entire population from which the sample is drawn
Interviews	face-to-face discussions between the researcher and an individual for the purpose of obtaining information
Respecting Rights	each individual has the right to choose whether or not to participate in research and to make the decision from an informed basis. they also have the right to privacy
Obtaining Informed Consent	it is essential that the researcher obtain the informed consent of each participant or the participants legal guardian where appropriate
Confidentiality	keeping the information private and prevent access to it by anyone outside the research team except when presenting the research report
Social Influence	The effects of the presence or actions of peers either real or imagined on peoples thoughts, feelings or behaviours
Group	any collection of 2 or more people who interact with and influence one another and share a common purpose
Collective or Aggregate	a gathering of people who have minimal direct contact
Status	the importance of an individuals position in a group, as perceived by members of the group
Social Hierarchy	the order of dominance of different members of a group, with a 'leader' at the top of the hierarchy
Power	an individual (or groups) ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviours of another person (or group)
Reward	the ability to give positive consequences or take away negative consequences in response to a specific behaviour
Coercive	to give negative consequence or remove positive consequences in response to a specific behaviour
Legitimate	an individuals status or position in a group, institution, or society in general gives them the right to exercise power over those with lower status or less authority
Referent	individuals identify with, want to be like or want to be liked by this person
Expert	having special knowledge and skills that are desirable and needed
Informational	having resources or information that are useful and not available elsewhere
Obedience	following the commands of someone in authority or the rules and laws in our society
Social Proximity	the closeness between 2 or more people
Legitimacy of Authority Figures	an individual is more likely to be obedient when the authority figure is perceived as being legitimate and having power
Group Pressure	an individual is more likely to be obedient where there is little or no group support for resisting the authority figure
Conformity	tendency to adjust ones thoughts, feelings and behaviours in ways which are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in certain situations
Size of Group	conformity increased with a group size up to 4 and than stays the same
Normative Influence	occurs when a response is guided by social norms
Informational Influence	motivated to make a choice on the basis of information provided to you because you want to be right
Culture	there are cultural differences in conformity
Unaninimaty	Complete agreement between all members of the group is likely to encourage the last member to also agree
Social Loafing	the tendency of an individual to make less effort when involved in group activity than when working alone
Peer Group	a group made up of people with similar interests, that do the same sorts of things and interact on equal terms
Peer	someone of similar status
Friend	person involved in a positive 2 way relationship
Clique	relatively small group of friends of similar age, generally of the same sex
Risk Taking Behaviour	Behaviour that has potential negative consequences
Antisocial Behaviour	Behaviour that is unacceptable for adults and adolescents
Rebellious Behaviour	activities that are acceptable for adults but not for adolescents
Thrill Seeking Risks	challenging but relatively socially accepted activities
Reckless Behaviours	often thrill seeking but less socially acceptable and have negative social or health related risks
Role	the behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them, that influences the way they act in different situations
Social Relations	the connection or association between two or more people, especially with regard to how they think, feel and behave toward each other
Social Behaviour	any behaviour which interaction occurs between two or more people. eg. smiling
Antisocial Behaviour	any behaviour that is disruptive or harmful to the well being or property of another person or to the functioning of a group or society
Prosocial Behaviour	Any behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society
Bystander Effect	the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person in need when other bystanders are present, or believed to be present, as compared to when they are alone
Empathy	the ability to identify with and understand another person feeling or problems
Social Influences	the effects of the presence or actions of others, either real or imagined, on the way people think, feel and behave
Altruism	the desire to help others for their sake without seeking personal gain or reward
Aggression	any behaviour intended to cause physical or psychological harm to a person (including self), animal or object
Violence	more harmful acts of aggression
Anger	an emotion that consists of strong personal feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived harmful act
Hostility	a negative attitude towards another person or group.
Bullying	a type of aggressive behaviour that involves the inappropriate use of power by one or more persons over another less powerful person or group and is generally an act that is repeated over time
Intelligence (widely accepted)	the ability to learn from experience, acquire knowledge, reason, problem solve, deal with people and objects and adapt to the environment
Linguistic	language and words
Musical	Pitch and Rhythm
Logical-Mathematical	Order and Sequence
Spatial	Forming images and rotating them in 3D
Bodily-Kinaesthetic	body movements, physical
Interpersonal	Understanding ones own feelings and behaving appropriately
Intrapersonal	understanding others moods, motivations and intentions
Naturalistic	ability to recognise and characterise natural objects
Existential	ability to raise and consider questions about life, death and existence

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VCE Psychology Definitions (Unit 2)

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