National 5 Biology

Pregunta	Respuesta
What are general genes?	General genes are the first type of gene switched on in every cell and code for vital proteins necessary for basic biological processes
What are specialised genes?	Specialised genes are the second type of gene that are switched on only in certain cells, or at certain times, and code for proteins made only by that type of cell
How are genes involved in the specialisation of cells?	Certain gene are switched on/off to code for the vital proteins that make a cell specialised
What is a stem cell?	A stem cell is an unspecialised/undifferentiated cell
What are the two main types of stem cell found in humans?	Embryonic stem (from embryos) Adult stem cells (from adult tissue)
What is the main function of stem cells in adults?	To repair organs attacked by disease or tissue injury
What is a meristem?	The site of production of non-specialised cells in plants The site of cell division in a plant
What is the order of the 5 zones of apical meristems?	Root cap Region of Mitosis & Cell Division Region of Cell Elongation & Vacuolation Region of Differentiation Permanent Tissue
Stem cells have the potential to become _________________________	Different types of cell
What is differentiation?	The process by which an unspecialised cell becomes altered and adapted to perform a special function as part of a permanent tissue
All organisms exhibit ___________	Growth
Growth is _____________________	An irreversible increase in the dry mass of an organism
There are ___________ and ___________ meristems	1. Apical 2. Lateral
Groups of organs work together to form __________	Systems
A tissue is __________________	A group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and function
An organ is composed of _______________	A specific arrangement of different tissues
Organ systems are _______________	Groups of organs that carry out a particular function
Mitosis is __________	A process that allows the number of cells to increase, but maintains the diploid number of chromosomes in each cell
Variables such as ___________, ___ and _______________ must be controlled when carrying out the tissue culture techniques	Oxygen pH Temperature
Chromosomes contain ____________________	Genetic information
Chromosomes are made from _____________________	DNA
The two DNA strands are held together by ________________________	Complementary base pairs
The sequence of the DNA bases encodes information for ____________________	The sequence of amino acids in proteins
Proteins are built from ________________	Amino acids
The shape of a protein determines its _______________	Function
Enzymes function as ________________ because they speed up the rate of ________________________	Biological catalysts Biochemical reactions
Enzymes remain ___________ at the end of a reaction	Unchanged
What is an active site?	The place on an enzyme's surface which matches the shape of the substance it works on (its substrate)
Enzymes are _____________	Specific
Enzymes are affected by _____________	Temperature
When an enzyme changes shape, we say it is ________________	Denatured
Genetic information can be transferred from one cell to another using _____________	Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is ______________	The transfer of DNA from one type of organism to another artificially
What are some examples of use for genetic engineering?	Insulin Human growth hormone Factor VIII
Photosynthesis is ________________	The chemical process by which green plants make sugar
The raw materials needed for photosynthesis are _____________ and ________________	Carbon dioxide Water
The requirements for photosynthesis are ___________ and _______________	Light Chlorophyll
Photosynthesis takes place in the _____________	Chloroplast
The first stage of photosynthesis is __________________	The light reactions
During photolysis __________ is trapped by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts and is converted into chemical energy in the form of ________	Light energy ATP
During photolysis, water is split to produce _____________ and ____________	Hydrogen Oxygen
The second stage of photosynthesis is the __________________	Carbon fixation stage
The carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis is a series of ____________________	Enzyme controlled reactions
How is sugar created in the carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis?	The hydrogen from stage one is combined with carbon dioxide from the air
The chemical energy in sugar is available for _______________	Respiration
What is a limiting factor?	A limiting factor is a variable which, in short supply, reduced the rate of photosynthesis taking place
Limiting factors of photosynthesis are _________, __________ and ______________	Carbon dioxide concentration Light intensity Temperature
Glucose is a source of __________	Energy
Energy released from the breakdown of glucose during respiration is used to synthesise ______ from _____________	ATP ADP and Pi
The energy made by ADP and Pi can be used by the cell as an energy source for cellular activities such as ____________, _______________, _______________________ and _________________________	Muscle contraction Cell division Protein synthesis Transmission of nerve impulses
In the presence of oxygen, glucose is broken down into ____________. This is further broken down into ___________ and ___________	Pyruvate Carbon Dioxide Water
Where does aerobic respiration begin and end?	Starts in the cytoplasm Ends in the mitochondrion
The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen yields ____ molecules of ATP per glucose molecule	38
What is the fermentation pathway?	Respiration without oxygen
Where does the fermentation pathway occur?	In the cytoplasm
In animals: In the absence of oxygen glucose is broken down into __________ , which is further broken down into ______________	Pyruvate Lactic acid
In plants and yeast cells: In the absence of oxygen glucose is broken down into ___________, which is further broken down into ________ and _______________	Pyruvate Ethanol Carbon dioxide
The breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen yields ___ molecules of ATP per glucose molecule	2
The detail of organelles inside living cells is known as the _____________	Ultrastructure
What are organelles found in both animal and plant cells?	Nucleus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Ribosome
What is the function of a nucleus?	A nucleus contains genetic information and controls all cell activities
What is the function of a cell membrane?	A cell membrane controls the entry and exit of materials from the cell
What is the function of a cytoplasm?	A cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions
What is the function of a mitochondrion?	Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration
What is the function of a ribosome?	A ribosome is the site of protein synthesis
What organelles are only found in plant cells?	Cell wall Vacuole Chloroplast
What is the function of a cell wall?	A cell wall supports and gives structure to plant cells
What is the function of a vacuole?	A vacuole is important in maintaining the shape of a plant cell
What is the function of a chloroplast?	A chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis

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