Japan Paper 1

Pregunta	Respuesta
Ultranationalism	Japan undergoes major modernization in late 19th century to become ultranationalist - superior
Iwakura Mission	After centuries of isolation under shogunate, observers are sent to learn from Western world
Meiji Restoration	Creation of new govt in Japan after centuries of military government. Japan's Emperor held new powers and new more, modern systems of govt are created - changes meant to protect Japan from foreign domination
Meiji Constitution	Meiji Emperor ruled from 1867-1912, period of reform in Japan and abolishment of feudalism. Constitution declared by emperor in 1889
Privy Council	Small govt body of elites whose approval was required for many things; controlled access to emperor and had his trust; created constitution
Diet	Japan's new parliament; composed of House of Peers (elected) and House of representatives (appointed)
Military	allowed independence; 2 cabinet positions; account directly to emperor; laws and decisions to be agreed to by all ministers (veto power) increased power of military
Radical nationalism	Extreme form of nationalism; can include racism & discrimination against those of the nation; closely related to fascism; emphasis on Japan's uniqueness through education (emphasised loyalty to state, family & community); increased by late 20s
Education	Connection to military would aid it to gain popular support + control political system; increase in literacy offered people possibility to criticise policies
Special mission	Japan was unique; had divine Emperor; had not been conquered by European/US; common culture and history; defeated european state in modern war; major military and industrial power by 1920, important in Paris Peace Conference - should lead Asia
Militarism	Protect Japan, secure colonial possession, dominate Asia, face a potential confrontation - large navy & army required; economic crises weakening civilian govt, militarism became popular as it was tied to expanding the empire (bring economic relief & more land)
Shogun	Hereditary military govts of Japan from 1192 to 1867; strong military was no unusual idea
Emperor	Divine; symbol of national unity
Industrialisation	Strengthened Japan; power to dominate and intimidate grew
WWI	1st opportunity to demonstrate its strength to the world, especially China & Germany
Korea 1876 - 1905	Had been of interest; Forced to sign Japan-Korea treaty 1876; in 1884, govt was overthrown by Japanese supporters; Korea unable to defend itself; Britain takes control of Korean port city; Peasant revolt against govt, Korea asks China for help and Japan states it violated treaty = invades, installs a govt, kills Empress
Japan-Korea Treaty 1876	(no longer tributary to China, Japanese could not be arrested there, no restrictions on Japanese trade, Japan allowed to use its ports)
First Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895	Caused by Japanese intervention in Korea, but also includes murders, bans on Japanese imports in China; tensions with Qing Dynasty; war progressed rapidly with Japan's modernised military - invades Manchuria & seizes land, such as Port Arthur; China defeated
Treaty of Shimonoseki	Ended 1st Sino-Japanese War; Korea fully independent from China, Japan gets Taiwan and Liaodong Peninsula; China pays indemnity
Tripartite Intervention	Russia, Germany, France decide to alter Treaty (Russia keeps Peninsula & Port Arthur, Germany gets Shantung Peninsula); Japan felt humiliated
Taiwan	Declared itself Republic of Formosa 1895 - led to 5 month war wan by Japan
Russia	Control of Peninsula & Port revealed that Japan had to develop more to protect its interests
Anglo Japanese Alliance 1902	Japan looking for allies + Britain worried about Russian expansion = first military alliance of Japan in modern times (aid each other militarily in wars with multiple states, remain neutral in wars with one)
Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905	Construction started on railways to link port to Russia through Manchuria + pressure Korea to grant some rights = provoking Japan/ Denial to withdraw troops from Manchuria after B Rebellion made Britain and Japan feel their interests in Korea and China were threatened. After a series of diplomatic meetings, Russia did not respond. Japan invades Korea and attacks navy at Port Arthur
Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900	Anti-foreign, anti-christian revolt in China eventually joined by govt soldiers supported by Qing dynasty; revolt put down by foreign troops; troops stationed in Manchuria to protect the railway from Chinese rebels and soldiers and from prevent Japanese interference
Treaty of Portsmouth 1905	After revolution erupts in Russia against its govt, it urges for peace; negotiated by USA; both countries to remove troops from Manchuria and give it back to China, Japan keeps Liaodong Peninsula + Port Arthur from China, Japan keeps Southern Manchurian Railway
Battle of Tsushima Straits 1905	Tragic defeat of Russian navy by Japanese forces
Impact of Russo-Japanese War	Japan gains international respect; USA gave Japan control of Korea in return for control of Philippines; Britain extended their alliance; Japan still thought they deserved more from the treaty
Great Powers	Britain, France, Germany, Russia (and sometimes USA and more) determined to hinder Japanese growth
Shantung Peninsula 1914	Germany took control of it; Britain requested Japanese assistance; Germany removes naval warships when noticed Japan would advance to port; Japan kept control of many German colonies
China 1915	Japan presents 21 demands; China delays response and Japan changes to 13; China has no option but to accept
21 demands	Cease leasing territory to other countries that not Japan; Japan controls Shantung Peninsula & Manchuria; advisors in govt; building railways; extend lease on South Manchurian Railway; allow Japanese citizens to enter & travel within Manchuria; opening mines; any military equipment to be purchased from Japan
Paris Peace Conference 1919	USA & Britain aim to limit Japanese control; Japan main power in conference; League of nations is formed and Japan is founding member; Japan demands clause against racial discrimination that gets rejected
League of Nations	Agreed to collective security; settle disputes through negotiation & arbitration
Mandates	Created to govern former territories & colonies of the defeated states; Japan granted supervision of Germany's islands; retained Shantung Peninsula
Japan is now an important military power	Korea annexed; Russia defeated; important ports in China and neighbouring territories leased; Germany defeated; Japan deciding future with other major powers - to secure power and get more, instituted conscription and increased navy
GOALS	Japan: security initially, later empire, unrestricted access to US markets and products (oil & metals) - worked not to provoke USA to avoid economic issues USA: security for Philippines, Hawaii, Guam; unfettered access to Chinese markets
Shidehara diplomacy	Japanese foreign policy; balancing act in which the military, especially the army, was well maintained and Japan's govt worked to reassure foreign govts that Japan was not a threat to China and no desire for further expansion against it
Washington Naval Conference 1921-1922 (5 power treaty)	Halted armaments and capital ships; for every 5 capital ships that Britain or USA were allowed, Japan could only have 3, 60% of size (shows there is still inequality amongst them, but Japan was ultimately okay with treaty - could not spend lots during economic crisis and chose path of compromise during this period)
4 Power Treaty 1922 9 Power Treaty 1922	Ended Anglo Japanese Alliance; required Japan, USA, Britain and France to respect each other's territories Japan to remove military from Shantung Peninsula and called on nations to respect China's borders & independence
London Naval Conference 1930	Review earlier naval agreements; stress during Great Depression = none desired renewed, expensive arms race; Japanese navy wanted revision on size of fleet, slight change made that govt accepted but military opposed & threatened govt; treaty signed, but prime minister killed by ultranationalist
Economy	crisis in the 20s; increased military spending in the 30s as a way to recover from Great D; rapid cycles of growth and contraction; no stabilisation = monopolies expanded to control more of the economy & political groups tried to change political system
Zaibatsu	Monopolies; enormous corporations of individual families that had an impressive economic reach; controlled economy and worked to control Diet to ensure economic policies that favoured them were kept; directly connected to militarism
Economic crisis	After GD; GNP declined, unemployment and hunger rose; Japan struggled to create national policy to deal with crisis;
26 February Incident	Finance minister killed and replaced by military appointee; military came to dominate govt & adopted a 12 year plan in 1936 to modernise & expand armed forces; spending increase, need to acquire more territory = led directly to more war
Political crisis	GD showed system did not work; complex; great # of political parties, ideologies, divisions within army and navy
Peace Protection Law 1925	govt could arrest anyone who wanted to change political system; part of larger policy to oppose USSR
The Showa Restoration	Conservative members deserved to give full power to Showa Emperor; Emperor should remove corruption and zaibatsu
Military factions	Military internally divided; Toseiha (Control Faction) wanted to reform govt, more radicals like Sakurakai (Cherry Blossom Society) & Kodoha (Imperial Way Faction) wanted complete destruction of all political policies, zaibatsu etc, in line with Showa Restoration + war with USSR
March Incident & October Incident 1931	Coup d'etats by Sakurakai; failed
League of Blood Incident 1932	Radical nationalists & young naval officers; killed leader of Mitsui zaibatsu & former finance minister
15 May Incident	League of blood members; attempted to kill officials
Toseiha Faction	Supported by Emperor, Privy Council, Diet, zaibatsu; took control of govt = reorganisation of economy, suppression of political parties and dissent, expansion of military spending and war, avoid conflicts with USSR
China - Warlord Era 1916-1928	China in state of civil war; loosely divided into regions controlled by warlords
Manchuria	Declared independence in 1922; ruled by warlord Zhang Zoulin, who allowed Japan to continue to develop railways etc there; killed by Japanese Kwantung Army (elite military unit) in 1928, hoping to weaken Manchuria's administration to take control of it / it had tremendous amounts of resources Japan did not have, low population, 4x size of Japan
Northern Expedition	Nationalists bring China under control in military operation; destroyed national infrastructure, caused famine, isolated China from USSR by attacking CCP, sponsored by Soviets
Newly united China	Son of Zhang brings Manchuria back
End of Shidehara diplomacy	1927, Japan preferred weak, divided China, send troops to Shantung Peninsula to avoid invasion of Manchuria by Nationalists
Positive Policy 1927	Japan would treat Manchuria as a special case
The Manchurian Crisis	Land of Manchu people; taking control would make it less likely for USSR to foment communist unrest in the region; South Manchurian Railway (justified military presence) being undermined; China building rival railways
Mukden Incident 1931	Bomb exploding in South Manchurian Railway; Japanese placed bomb, blaming Chinese troops; excuse to occupy all of Manchuria; Japan created illusion that they helped Manchuria to achieve independence from chaotic China & called it Manchukuo, headed by Puyi; considered puppet state, denied registration in League of Nations & Olympics
Responses to Manchurian Crisis	Most countries replied negatively, but not much could be done; League of Nations formed Lytton Comission; In China, Kaishek is forced to resign; US in period of semi-isolation, concerned with economics of the invasion, Stimson doctrine was not effective; USSR in no condition to oppose, sold their Chinese Eastern Railway to Manchukuo in 1935
Lytton Comission	Investigate incident; report said that before there was corrupt Chinese govt, Japan had made major financial investments, gave details of invasion, etc; concluded that it was not result of wanting to protect Manchuria from Chinese govt; recommends Japan pulls it forces back to Railway
Japan withdraws from LoN 1933	After nations voted for Japan as aggressor; Suffers no consequences for leaving
China signs Tanggu Truce 1933	Jehol & Manchuria were now under Japanese control and Chinese could not fight to remove Japan from these areas; establishment of a neutral zone between Japanese controlled territory and that of China's govt
Open Door Policy (US & China)	Nations to have = access to Chinese markets
Stimson Doctrine	USA would not recognise international border changes resulting from war
Japan's govt towards crisis	Unaware of Kwantung Army plans to conquer Manchuria; Japan did not wish to provoke Great Powers and was worried with army disobedience; govt collapses after those involved are not arrested; govt policy is not aligned with military policy
Debate on crisis	Started road to WWII; showed weakness of League that led to Abyssinia; smaller states realise they are more vulnerable & have to obey larger powers; some say it strengthened League by forcing it to set up internal structures to deal with conflicts; League failed to protect China
Second Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945	No cessation of war after Manchuria;
China Garrison Army	Formed by Japan to operate outside Manchurian borders
Umezu-He Agreement 1935	China should withdraw from Hebei Province; demilitarised zone is formed
East Hebei Autonomous Council	Puppet govt formed to rule demilitarised zone in Northern China
Second London Naval Treaty 1935	Military had no interest in limiting ability to build warships; Britain and USA continued to try to get countries to reduce them; Japan withdrew from treaty meetings; no agreements made and Japan does not sign
Doihara Kenji-Qin Dechun Agreement 1935	China removes all troops from Manchukuo border & Charar Province; more interested in destroying CCP
Mengjiang 1936	Inner Mongolia; pro-Chinese and pro-Japanese factions fought; by 1936, most of northern China was under Japanese control (either by army or puppet govts)
Second United Front	Anti-Japanese front between Nationalists & CCP; fought as National Revolutionary Army
Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937	Chinese & Japanese troops fight & leads to war
Actual Second Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 (By its outbreak, Japanese military controlled govt and political parties were banned)	Japan forms Shanghai Expendiatory Army to capture Shanghai; Japanese military superior, by Oct 1937 Chinese forces ordered to evacuate & Japan controls destroyed city; troops sent to protect route to Nanjing
Nanjing Massacre	Killing, rape of women & children by Japanese troops; city captured
Chongqing	Chinese military supplied by USSR; Chinese govt establishes itself in Chongqing, and Japan tries to bomb it but fails, so decides to cut supply lines to Chongqing, leading to conflicts with USA by 1940
Further expansion in China (rapid expansion from 1931-1937, mostly through treats and military action)	Japan continues capturing land, take control of ports, cities, railways; Chinese govt in Chongqing, rival Chinese led-govt created to manage areas of China under Japanese occupation, but Japanese military controlled economy, education
Responses to 2nd Sino-Japanese War	League: disliked their actions, but were aware of Japan's anti-communist stance and hoped they would pressure USSR; China was chaotic, no country would fight to maintain it; uninvolved, uninterested, weakened by Abyssinia Soviets: happy; alleviates pressure against their border; could supply Chinese with war equipment as Chiang's persecution of CCP was over
China appeals to League	9 Power treaty conference met and declared Japan & China were to suspend hostilities and work together to resolve situation; they did not.
Japanese & Soviet troops battled at Mongolia, May 1939	Japan offered section of Chinese territory to Soviets to end fighting; accepted; Soviets loan equipment & money to China until Germany invaded the USSR in 1941 (it had to fight for its own existence)
USA response to 2nd Sino-Japanese War	Preserve Open Door Policy; Show displeasure with Japanese aggression, but not to point it would prevent US exports from reaching Asian markets; preserve Philippines; US prohibits shipment of weapons/ war supplies to either China or Japan in Sep1937, which hurt China; oil & metals not prohibited until 1940 sanctions; US lent money to China
Germany's response to 2nd Sino-Japanese War	Supported Kaishek's govt because it was anti-communist; supplied China with many military advisors & did business with China; Germany's growing military expansion dependent on Chinese metal tungsten;
1936: Japan and Germany agreed to oppose communism in the Anti-Comintern Pact	Germany saw this as more pressure on USSR; Japan wanting to expand into China; Germany continued to supply weapons to China until late 1938
Nazi-Soviet Pact, August 1939 (Non Agression Pact)	Germany and USSR agreed that neither country would attack the other or help other states attack the other; economic aspects and secret sections that divided parts of central and eastern Europe into Soviet & German spheres of influence (Japan was surprised with this pact & its govt collapses)
Japan alarmed	Japan wanted strong anti-soviet govt near USSR so Soviets would be less likely to attack Japanese territories in its east; its govt collapsed and was replaced by one that wanted better relations with Soviets and strengthen relations with Germany and Italy
Tripartite Pact 1940	An alliance involving Germany, Italy, and Japan, eventually joined by others
Neutrality Agreement 1941 (Japan and USSR)	Promised that neither would engage in war with the other; helped to contribute to Japan's policy of expanding into French Indochina & Dutch East Indies and move against USA
Wuhan 1938	Japanese forces moved rapidly to this provisional capital (as Nanjing was destroyed); Soviets provoke conflict in border with Manchukuo that distracts Japan; when they go back to move to Wuhan, Soviets had been able to give military equipment to China; Soviets began to distract Japan as they moved
China's response to conflict with Japan	Keep japanese forces tied down as much as possible so that they committed more and more of their scarce resources on the war; guerilla fighters used; hoping Japan would get tired
Collapse of Second United Front (Nationalists & Communists) against Japan, 1941	CCP's New Fourth Army destroyed by force led by KMT; Kaishek's govt was discredited, corrupt, more concerned with communism and fighting his own people rather than Japan
French Indochina	Supplies sent to Chinese govt; France defeated by Germany in 1940 made colonies vulnerable; Japan requests permission to occupy regions to cut supply lines to China, Japan would allow Vichy France govt (southern part not occupied by Germany) to remain in Indochina; permission granted, Japan built airbases
The oil embargo	First, US prohibited sale of scrap iron and steel to Japan; increased financial assistance to China; freezing all Japanese assets in USA & territories; banning sale of oil; Britain & Netherlands followed; Japan thinks about getting oil from Dutch East Indies, but this would provoke USA
Japanese planning by Admiral Yamamoto	Attack USA by defeating US navy's Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbour; hoping US would be surprised and allow Japan to annex Dutch East Indies & cut supply lines to China; if US fought, the loss of navy would slow them down and give Japan time to defeat China, annex territory, organise itself
The Hull Note, November 1941	USA increased pressure on Japan demanding it removed all troops from Indochina & China, including Manchuria; end Tripartite Alliance; repudiate Republic of China it had created
Attack on Pearl Harbour, December 1941	Attacks and invasions on many targets, this was most important one; large imperial Japanese fleet undetected, aircraft carriers, attacking many US facilities; Japanese losses were minimal; Japan wan the battle, but did not destroy all 3 US aircraft carriers; USA declared war on Japan the next day
Attacks on other US territories	Philippines; island of Guam; Wake Island held a US airbase, conquered and allowed Japan to control a large section of the Pacific
Attacks on British territories	Malaya & Singapore completely captured by 1942; great port in China, Hong Kong; Thailand being invaded led Burma to be pressured and also invaded by Japan and Thailand, who were then allies

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