1849466
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Creado por Chima Power
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| Tourism | Movement of people away from their main place of residence usually including overnight stay for either leisure or business purposes or visit family and friends. In London many tourists are businesses tourists although that in Bath is leisure tourism. many now travel to visit family and friends because live in international society. Different types of tourism can be measured by visitor numbers or by the amount of value that the different types of tourism bring to an economy. One way that different types of tourism is monitored is through entry and exit survey carried out at airports and ports. outbound tourists from China made up of 46% business trips, 31% of leisure tourist and 23% visiting family an d friends. Growing importance of business tourism in the global economy. |
| Types of tourism | Local: When people travel in the area close to where they live National: When people travel within their own country International: When people travel between countries |
| Duration of tourism | Can be different: for a day trip, a weekend break or longer period. Day trip usually for business purposes where someone travels to a place for a conference. Although conference can be multiple day go on weekend breaks to visit family. Some go away for months to visit family and friends or go on long haul holidays. |
| Beach holidays | Where main purpose of holiday is to spend relaxing time on the beach. Could be sunbathing or water sports. Many people from the UK go on holiday to Greece or Spain each summer to experience a beach holiday. These locations have holiday resorts for families and couples. Ayia Napa in Cyprus cater for younger tourists as has many clubs and bars while Benidorm in Spain cater more for families and couples |
| Short city breaks | Many European cities cater for short city breaks, these are low cost flights are available to many cities such as Prague allowing people to fly to cities for the weekend and enjoy a heritage and cultural break. For UK residents also option of using Euro tunnel to travel to Paris by train. City breaks tend to be for couples who wish to see the sights of a city for a short period of time. |
| Activity holidays | Holidays provide travellers with a different challenge depending upon the type of activity that is involved. Activity may be learning how to paint on a relaxing holiday, although other activity holidays could involve an element of risk such as white water rating or caving. This is very attractive to certain types of travellers who like to go on holiday to acquire new skills. |
| Health tourism | Involves going on a trip which includes a holiday and some sort of health treatment. Could be going on a weekend break to a Health Spa where many treatments for example massage on offer. Include travelling for medical purposes, for example, people from he UK travel to Budapest for dentistry and Cape Town in South Africa for plastic surgery. |
| Heritage and cultural tourism | When people travel to visit sites of national and world importance to learn about the past. Sites may be on the world heritage list or of national importance. Can be important buildings such as castles, for example Windsor castle which has history of country. Or sites of cultural importance such as Hindu temples in Sri Lanka that are part of every tourist trip to the country. |
| Seasonal tourism | Means tourism only takes part in certain times of the year in a particular location. Example is a beach holiday in UK, would take place in spring and summer months May to September, but other countries of the world a beach holiday take place throughout the year like The Maldives or Cuba. Activity holidays like skiing can only take place in winter but some places like Alp's skiing can take place in summer months due to the height of the mountains and the presence of glaciers. |
| Social factors | Caused growth in global tourism are the increase in amount of leisure time available to people, development of communications and information technology and increase in range of products available for tourists |
| Social factors: Increase in leisure time | As result of holiday entitlement, shorter working week, early retirement with pensions and ageing population. Amount of leisure hours available has dramatically increased over last forty years. As jobs comes with holiday entitlement which is paid for. Paid holiday from 1 April 2009 is 28 days yearly increase of 4 days since 2007. 1981 were only 15 paid days holiday yearly. Increase allow people more time and money to travel. In UK also working shorter week in the 1950's a 50 hour 6 day week was common for most workers, most office workers now work between 35 an 40 hours a week Monday to friday. Some now work flexitime enabling them to work longer days but have more time off at the weekend. Number of people who retired and are receiving pensions also increasing in developed world. This is a growth market for the tourist industry and is being is exploited by many holiday firms. |
| Social factors: Development in communications and information in technology | these include development of computer reservations systems and the increasing availability of holidays advertised on the internet which facilitates on-line booking. Computer reservation systems have changed the sale of air tickets and hotel accommodation, global distribution systems such as Sabre, Galileo and Worldspan have made it possible for travel companies such as TUI to operate commercially on a world scale. Systems make it possible to obtain the latest information on an enormous range of travel and tourism products and services. Customers now use Teletex and internet to book holidays from their own homes. Most airlines and tour operates have recognised this potential and have developed online booking services and its now possible to print your own ticket from home. |
| Social factors: Product development and changing consumer needs, expectations and fashions | travel and tourism industry have continually come up with new products due to changing consumer tastes. One was Butlin's holiday camps in the 1950's at first were very successful as appealed to the British holidaymakers. More recent development of theme parks led by the Disney parks in the USA. One of most importatnt product developments has been the package holiday which involved a tour company providing travel, accommodation and sometimes holiday activities. Evolved in the 1950s was first run by Horizon Holidays. Most recent product developments include long haul holidays to places like the Maldives and the specialist package holidays which cater for everybody's needs including wedding packages. Many of these product developments are led by changing consumer needs, expectations and fashion. |
| Economic factors: Greater wealth | Population of most of the countries in developed world has become more wealthy as have more disposable income, fewer income, two income families and a minimum wage. Incomes of moste people in HIC's and MICs have increased at a greater than the cost of necessities. Average annual wage in 2008 was 23000 pounds, means people have more disposable income which they can spend on luxuries such as holidays. Hence able to take from two or three holidays yearly. More people have fewer children greater disposable income and greater frequency of travel allowed or travel to more exotic places. Average family size in the UK was 2.4 in 1971 now is 1.8. less money spent on upbringing of children more on luxury items. many families now have two wage earners, in 2008, 68% of mothers had full or part time jobs. Such families have more money proportionality to spend on luxuries of which holidays are one example. Minimum wage was raised to 5.73 per hour in October 2008. Means that the minimum wage has increased by 59% since introduced in 1988. Allows low paid workers more opportunity to go on holiday. |
| Economic factors: Currency exchange rates | Fluctuations in the currency of holiday destinations can make location desirable, in 2007 and first half of 2008 USA saw a 20% increase in the number of UK tourists visiting as the exchange rate was at 2 dollars to one pound; best exchange rate of years. In second half of 2008 pound dropped more expensive for UK tourists to travel abroad however encouraged more tourist from other countries to go to UK. |
| Economic factors: Developments in transport | Increase in car ownership, greater use of air transport by the holiday industry, building of motorways which allow holidaymakers to reach their destination much more quickly, saving time and often expense of an overnight stay. Aircraft, ships and trains can now take large numbers of people to destination safely and quickly so economies of scale applies. As cost of flying a plane with 300 seats isn't much more that one with 100 seats making cost per person less. Same true with large cruise ships which can now carry more than 4000 passengers. Rise in budget airlines like easyJet and Ryanair has made air travel cheaper and allowed tourists to make several short trips yearly. Due to rise in number of short break holidays for culture or entertainment like stag and hen weekends. |
| Political factors | Changes in policies countries have towards tourism, 30yrs ago would have been difficult to travel to countries like China and East Germany as result of politics of these countries. were communist countries in the world, is is now easy to travel to most countries in the world although visas are still required for some countries such as Cuba and China. Still countries in world that don't welcome tourists due to national security instance North Korea. Relaxation of boundaries between EU countries and establishment of a common currency has made movement between these countries particularly easy. Many tourists have taken advantage of this and move freely between the countries for weekend breaks. |
| Tourist destinations: Physical and human attractions | Physical attractions: guaranteed sunshine, white sandy beaches and warm seas. Winter months skiing break guaranteed snow and excellent human facilities such as ski lifts. Places offer experience through human attractions Disney themed parks to ancient monuments and museums. Hotels and guest houses; enclave resorts such as Disneyland Florida providing accommodation and attractions. Business people will stay in accommodation at conference centres. There's also the new and developing cruise ship business. |
| Butler model of resort development | 1980 R.W Butler developed a model for resort development, model has seven stages believes resorts go through as they become tourist destinations. Applies to many tourists destinations: both in HIC's and LIC's. |
| Butler model: Exploration | Small number of tourists visit a destination, main attraction to resort is relatively unspoiled. Are no impact on the area so the host community welcomes the tourists and sees them as a small source of income. |
| Butler Model: Involvement | Visitor numbers start to rise, host community provides services such as hotels and transport. Events start to be put on for tourists |
| Butler model: Development | Visitor numbers continue to increase, main motivation for visiting is natural and cultural attractions. Some built attractions are beginning to develop. Host community begin to promote the area and package holidays will be offered, when a destination will be recognised as a tourist destination. |
| Butler model: Consolidation | Number of tourists increases but no as quickly as previous, transport routes and access to resort have been improved, local economy now reliant on income from tourism. Majority of host community work directly or indirectly in the tourist industry. Are many facilities for tourists begin to impact environment. May be some resentment from the host community to the changes tourism is incurring. |
| Butler model: Stagnation | Standard of facilities and services decline as become old and run down. Negative impact on environment more obvious and visitor numbers dropping as destination viewed as being spoilt. Host community begin to resent the tourists who have taken over their town. |
| Butler model: Rejuvenation | Once in decline many resorts fail to recover, other destinations successfully re-branded and regenerated involves substantial investment to improve facilities and amenities. |
| Exploration Blackpool | 1720: Only visitors were landed gentry ride on beach and bathe in sea 1780: 4 hotels for example the Metropole, working class stayed in guest houses, bowling greens and facilities ofr archery. Main attraction sea or walking along sea front, many bathed in sea as seen as healthy, |
| Involvement Blackpool | 1781: Thomas Clifton and Sir Henry Houghton built 1st private road into Blackpool, stage coaches ran from Manchester and Halifax, allowing people from mill towns of norhern England access to chap transport to resort. Took a day to reach Blackpool from and Manchester and Two from Yorkshire. 1840: First railway in area opened in 1840 but only ran as far as Poulton in the Fylde, trippers completed journey by waggonette. 1846: Branch line built from Poulton to Blackpool, thousands of trippers now visited. |
| Consolidation Blackpool | 1872: Had 850,000 visitors and Raikes Hall Pleasure Gardens included lake, racecourse, football and cricket ground, skating rink, aviary, monkey house, ballroom, theatre. 1890: Had 7000 dwellings accommodating 250,000 holiday makers and permanent population of 35,000. 1891-94 Blackpool tower built included circus and ballroom. 1902-05: present promenade between North and South Piers built at cost 114,700 pounds. 1931: 3,850,000 visitors and in 1939: New Opera House opened which was Britain's largest cinema and Theatre |
| Development Blackpool | 1860: Still very little entertainment for the visitors who came to Blackpool, 1863: North Pier opened, 1870: Central Pier opened with open air dancing for working class, new promenade opened to South which linked different areas of Blackpool together. |
| Stagnation Blackpool | 1872: Blackpool Zoo opened. 1975: M55 opened between M6 and Blackpool made it easier to reach Blackpool by road, car ark at the end of motorway built on site of th eold railway station can accommodate 6000 cars. Now 3 railway stations in Blackpool- North, South and 1987 the new Pleasure Beach Railway station. 1986: The Sandcastle opened. |
| Decline Blackpool | 1987: Visitor nights declined from 16 million to 10.5 million, average annual hotel occupancy rate has reduced to 22%, annual day visits declined from 7.4 million to 3.9 million. 1990: Blackpool Sea Life Centre opened to try to rejuvenate the town. |
| Rejuvenation Blackpool | 2003: Rejuvenation project started with 26,700 new jobs were created, 2.2 billion capital invested, 5,700 new homes to be built, 7 additional visitors per year and 127 hectares of brownfield sites will be redeveloped. 2004: 11,000,000 visitors. 2005: Widened road and new parking facilities have been built. 2009: New coastal defence scheme will be completed costing 80 million pounds along 3.2 kilometres of Blackpool seafront. |
| Positive social impacts of tourism | AS a result of second homes where in 2001 70% of the houses in Malham, small village in the Yorkshire Dales used for holiday purposes and many are second homes. Postive impact is there are more frequent bus services to local town of Skipton as tourists use this in summer month. In Maldives, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, use of enclave resorts means social impact of tourism minimised another indirect impact is that money generated by tourism used to improve education and services for the local people with many new school and hospitals built. Also used to build sea defences against rising sea levels. |
| Negative social impacts of tourism | Impact on culture of tourist destination for example Zanzibar a muslim country have differing moral and culture norms. Such locals can be directly insulted by westerners not covering their shoulders. Also indirect effect as locals start to change way they dress more western losing cultural identity. 2001 70% of houses in Malham used as second homes means people only live their for part of year and often don't shop in local shops or use other facilities like school and church. Village shop only opens three days weekly most of year. Seasonal unemployment Cove Centre only open in summer months hence employs people for only a few weeks in the year workers find difficult to pay bills during winter months. |
| Positive economic impacts of tourism | Machu Picchu Peru World Heritage site generates $40 million a year income for government, direct impact locally and nationally. Zanzibar $220 million year comes from country tourism has positive effect on the GDP of the country. Indirect impact is the effect on other industries in the country known as multiplier effect, how may times a dollar injected into the tourists destinations economy circulates the economy. $500 spent by hotel spent by hotel to purchase food from the local farmers to clean linen, farmers use money to buy supplies continues through economy until lost by leakage. Can leak from country economy. Jobs available in the tourist hotels better paid than original jobs available like farming. |
| Negative economic impacts of tourism | In Cyprus lack of young people working on the land as the attractions of the higher paying jobs in the tourist hotels, indirect impact of tourism on the employment. Structure of Cyprus with more people in the tertiary sector and fewer in the primary sector, in Maldives jobs available to local community tend to be menial and lower paid jobs. Better paid managerial jobs |
| Positive environmental impact of tourism | Cyprus development in tourism lara beach on the Akamas Peninsula been protected for the Green and Hawks-bill turtles to lay their eggs. Stone Town, Zanzibar designated as a World Heritage Site as result, directly, of number of tourists who were visiting it, given it protection from tourism development as development to conserve the buildings in the town. Money from tourism has also been used to improve the buildings of Stone Town. At Lulworth Cove in Dorset has been impact of tourism minimised by the use of tourist money, people pay for parking cars at Lulworth Cove. Money been used to build a heritage centre which teaches the tourists about the area. Also been used to relay footpaths which had become worn due to the sheer numbers of tourists who use them. |
| Negative economic impacts of tourism | Enclave resorts on the Maldives have caused problems for coral reefs that surround them. Decrease in fish numbers and species, as environmental problems caused by tourism due to sewage disposal and tourist themselves swimming close to the coral reef. New resorts developed, government insists that sewage is dealt with in an eco-friendly way and that tourists are aware of the environmental damage that they cause. |
| Attitudes of people to tourism | Peruvian gov official: Good, money Malham shop owner: Open shop all week in the susmmer as number of tourists in village good for shop owner and local community Dubai businessman: Hold meetings not problem as long as keep to moral codes. Hotel workers in Maldives: Long hours, rarely see family, only wish pay was better Lulworth Heritage Centre manager: People who come to area usually start at health centre teaches about area causing less damage Enclave resort owner, Maldives: Had to prove to government met environmental restrictions example not building any of the buildings above the tree line. |
| Footsteps, ecotourism destination, Gambia | Built in the style of traditional African village compound located close to village of Gunjur open all year, most tourists from UK. |
| Gambia: Huts | Made from local wood and materials, furniture made by craftsmen from Gunjur from local wood. New huts have concrete roofs which are fire resistant; reception, bar and restaurant have retained straw roofs. |
| Gambia: Renewable Energy | Wind and sun used to produce electricity; wind turbine has a high maintenance costs so main source of power is solar energy. Solar powered freezer has considerably reduced the use of propane gas. |
| Gambia: Local people | Can see local woman creating 'tie dye' and batik or how Jembe drum made using skills handed by through centuries. Shop which sells work of craftspeople, footsteps inform guest bout local markets and craftspeople giving 20% of its profit to the local community. Company employs 22 of staff from local village of Gunjur. Local Gambian employment employees receive training and are paid the whole year, get medical and dental care and opportunity for promotion and furthering their careers either within Footsteps or in the wider tourism industry. |
| Gambia: Water use | Water for the swimming pool filtered through reed beds to get rid of impurities, toilet at Footsteps Eco-Lodge composting toilets as all harmful substances removed which allows the waste to be used as compost. Water from huts come from tubewells and is stored in water tanks. Solar powered pumps are used to fill up the water tanks, water used by guest in sinks, baths and for washing clothes known as grey water, filtered and then used to irrigate the fruit and vegetables grown in the gardens. Hot water from shower provided by coil of black pipe, full of water, built into the roof and heated by the Sun. Really hot water for approx 5 mins ensures guests don't waste hot water supllies. |
| Gambia: Vegiatation | Footsteps has own vegetable gardens and plant life, banana trees outside each hut as well as cashew, papaya, mango, orange and grapefruit trees. Gardens grow all of the vegetables, salad and herbs required by lodge. Ducks kept to provide eggs, Gambians who run the gardens recycle everything that they have use for. |
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