Sociology poverty key words

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A2 level (Poverty) Sociology Fichas sobre Sociology poverty key words, creado por eharveyhudl el 21/01/2015.
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta Respuesta
Absolute Poverty Lack of basic needs such as food, water and shelter
Relative poverty Being poor in comparison to the majority of people in society
Multiple deprivation Lacking in a number of things which are agreed upon by people other than the sociologist
Social exclusion Not being able to fully participate in society due to a factor such as low income or poor housing
Environmental poverty When the local area is polluted or dangerous
Deprivation Index A list of things used to determine relative poverty
Cultural explanation of poverty Blames poverty on the individual's culture and behaviour
Fatalism Acceptance of their situation, rather than trying to change it
Immediate gratification Wanting rewards immediately, and not thinking of the future
The Underclass Theory Most poverty is caused by the individual, no one in the UK should be poor as there are many jobs, but there are some people who do not want to work
Structural explanation of poverty Blames poverty on society or the government
Poverty trap A situation where a person is stuck in poverty e.g financially worse off if they have a job because they will lose their benefits
Cycle of deprivation theory Children are born into poverty. Poverty is caused by society through low pay and poor housing.
Wealth Ownership of assets such as property and savings
Marketable wealth Any asset that can be sold
Non-marketable wealth An asset that cannot be sold e.g pension
Income A regular flow of payment e.g wages
Gross income Income before deductions. Earned income such as wages and unearned income such as tax credits
Disposable income Gross income after deductions
Concealment of assets Lying about your wealth in an attempt to hide it
Social desirability People with little wealth pretend they are wealthier to avoid the embarrassment caused by poverty
Welfare state Society where the government are responsible and provide services such as health care
Universal benefits Benefits given to everyone at point of need e.g NHS
Means tested benefits Only given to people who need it e.g only if income falls below a set amount
Dependency culture Encouraging people to rely on government handouts rather than being self-sufficient
Welfare pluralism Using more than one institution to provide welfare to the population
Voluntary welfare providers Charities that provide services to the population e.g The Salvation Army give meals to the homeless
Informal welfare providers Sources of care that are not organisations e.g family
Private welfare providers Profit making companies who charge for welfare e.g private schools
Statutory welfare provision Welfare provided by the government e.g NHS
Subjective poverty An individual's thoughts and feelings about their own wellbeing
Productive wealth When something you own provides an income, such as owning a property you rent out to others
Consumption wealth Things the owner uses e.g car
Inheritance tax Paid on an estate when somebody dies, doesn't have to be paid unless the property is worth £325,000 or more
Direct tax Taken straight from wages e.g income tax, the more you earn, the more you pay
Indirect tax Added to the things you buy e.g VAT
Cash benefits Benefits given by the state to supplement low incomes e.g working tax credits
Benefits in kind Services provided the state which are freely available e.g healthcare
Tax avoidance Legal schemes that financial advisers create so their clients can avoid paying tax e.g living outside of Britain for a year
Tax evasion When people don't declare their wealth to the Inland Revenue, e.g working cash in hand
Hidden poverty When poverty is hidden within the family, experienced by women (feminists say)
Secondary labour market High turnover, low pay, low skilled jobs, usually part-time or temporary e.g retail
Horizontal Segregation How men and women are concentrated in different jobs, and the ones for women tend to be lower paid
Vertical segregation When men are concentrated in a higher position than women when employed in a similar field
Institutional racism How the day to day practices of an institution have racist outcomes (may not be deliberate) e.g job adverts not being in different languages
Reserve army of labour Group of workers who are used when needed, but disposed of when no longer needed
Underemployed Not receiving enough work
Full employment Making sure most people have access to a job
Nationalisation When the state owns industries
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