Microbiology Test Preparation

Pregunta	Respuesta
Atom	smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction- Basic structural unit of an element
Molecule	Atoms that form together to form a molecule by covalant bonding. Always Carbon and Hydrogen
Ion	A result when an electrically charge paricles that result from a gain or loss of more than 1 by the parent atom - negative or positive atom or group of atoms -
Electron	negatively charged particle in motion around the nucleus
Proton	Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
Neutron	An uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom
Element	A substance comprising only one kind of atom that cannot be degraded into two or more substances without losing its chemical characteristics.
Compound	substance composed of 2 or more elements
Antobody	a protein produced by the body in response to an antigen and capable of combining with the antigen
Antigen	any substance that causes antibody foundation also called immunogen
Peptide Bond	Bond joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxy group of a second amino acid with a loss of a water molecule
Peptide	a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next by a bond of the type -OC-NH-.
Important Biological Molecules	WATER Polar, cohesive Adhesive Solvent Absorpt
Important Biological Molecules (Water)	Water is essentual- no carbon- 1 oxygen atom- 2 hydrogen- It is Polar meaning two end of oxygen on one side and Hydrogen on the other side. Water is attracted to hydrogen- Water will stick to other things- MOST IMPORTANT- Water absorbs heat- chemical reaction that occur in cells
Chemical Bonds (three types)	A link formed between molecules when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons. 3 types: Covealant bonds Ionic Bonds Hydrogen Bonds
Covalent Bond	Pair of electrons shared between two atoms or pairs of electrons
Ionic Bond	A chemical bond in which electrons are transfered & not shared between atoms.
Hydrogen Bonds	A weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of forces between molecules or atoms. In this case, hydrogen & either oxygen or nitrogen. In this tyoe of bond, electrons are not shared, lost or gained.
Importance of Carbon Atoms	Carbon dating- also can form many different kinds of bonds and form essential compounds
Properties of Water	Forms of Water= gas, liquid, solid Solvent- disolving medium Insulator= hypothermia, necessary for cellular activities
PH	Means - Possible hydrogen
PH Levels	Acidic 0-7 Neutral 7 Alkaline 7-14
Why is acids and bases usually detrimental to organisms?	different microbes function best withing different PH ranges- most like 6.5-8.5 range. Among microbs Fungi can survive in acidic conditions
Buffers	organisms possess a solution that naturally keeps PH stable
Organic Molecules Description	ALWAYS CARBON AND HYDROGEN and structurally complex- solution organiisms possess naturally keeps PH stable= Carbon is unique as it has 4 elctrons in its outer shell and 4 unfilled
Categories of biological organic molecules	carboydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids All contain thousands of atoms
Carbohydrate Examples	1.Sugars, starches, cellulose 2. Echimical formula-(CH2O)ni n - is between 1-7 3. Simple sugars- monosaccharides, ex glucose 4. polysaccharides, ex starch, cellulose 5. Functions: energy storage, structural 6. prefixes glyco, gluco
Lipids	1. Properties= HYDROPHOBIC 2. chemical formula 1 3c glycerol+3 fatty acid chains 3. simple form-triglyceride ex. fats, oils, waxes, hormones 4. functions= energy storage, repel water (protection) structure of membranes, communication 5. prefix= lipo
Proteins	1. Properties= shape and function most important 2. chemical formula- a central carbon with H and R group in NH2 group and COOH group bonded 3. Sub-unit= amino acid 4. ex. emzymes, insulin, hemoglobin 5. functions enzymes carry out all chemical reactions in cells, structural, hormones 6. folding gives shape and determines function 7. Denaturation means disruption and possible destruction of both the secondary and tertiary structures.
Nucleic Acids	1. Chemical formula 5 c sugar (ribose and deoxyribose) a base containing nitrogen and a phosphate group 2. Sub-unit nucleotide form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA 3. ex. DNA, RNA, ATP 4. Carry genetic information, contain energy
ATP	ATP = adenosine triphosphate- ATP is the energy currency of the cell - turns into ADP if it loses a phopsphate group
RNA	ribonucleic acid Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine Single stand
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine Double stranded Also contains one less oxygen
Valence	the combining power of an atom based upon the number of electrons it can either take or give up. - Outer shell 2,8,18,32
Determine # of electrons, protons and neutrons	Electron are the group #- protons have same #- subtract electrons, protons from atomic mass which gives you the neutrons
Monosacharide	A simple sugar such as glucose that is a basic building block for more complex carbohydrates,
Disacharides	A sugar conatining two monosaccharides. Examples: Sucrose (Fructose+glucose)
Polysacharides	A carbohydrate that can be hydrlyzed into a number of monosaccharide. Examples: Cellilose, starch, glycogen

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