Microbiology Test #1

Pregunta	Respuesta
Microbiology	Study of little life forms
Microorganism	small organisms- non living-
Agent	Viruses - Non living entity studied in microbiology
Germ/Pathogen	disease producing microorganisms
Photosynthesis	cyanobacteria produces 20% oxygen we breath- to make ATP (cells energy)
Nitrogen Fixing	79% of air is nitrogen= Bacteria carries out process- nitrogen gas extracted from environment- it is broken down and builds Amino Acids which makes proteins. We get Amino acids from the food we eat such as animals and plants -
Breakdown of wastes /organic matter	Bacteria that can take dead organisms and recycle nutrients so other organisms can use organic molecules- decay carried out by microbes
Normal Flora	Orphace, large intestines, skin- if flora is destroyed is can kill off the pathogen but open the door for other infection such as C- Diff
Microbes used to produce food	bread, beer, yogurt, wine, choose, soy- helps preserve our foods
recombinet technology	makes vaccines, insulin, enzymes- combines DNA from trwo different sources- buy DNA, mix bacteria and electricity zap and insert DNA together- makes human insulin
Remediation	means Fix
Bio-remediation	Cleaning up pollution problems using microbes- oil spill and fertilizer example
Pathogens	Viruses, Fungi, Animal , Plants
Organisms 3 Domains	1.Eubacteria- true bacteria, everyday 2.Archaeabacteria- extreme atmospheres Both have no nuclei, single cell 3.Eukarya (plants, animals, fungi, protists aka protistans- has a nuclei- having a nuclei makes it more difficult to fight as our cells are similar
Prokaryotes	Eubacteria and archeabacteria Single cell no nuclei
Eukaryotes	Has DNA with nuclei
Shapes	coccus- round, Bacillus - Rod, sparillum- spriral
peptidoglycan cell wall	target for antibiotics since we do not creat peptidoglygen so it is easy to kill without harming us
Binary fission	split in half
Viruses	Non-living- geometric shape (influenza has spikes called H cells Acellular- do not have cells Nucleic Acid + protein coat = Capsid Parasidic - Has to have a host cell to grow and reproduce
Fungi	1.Mold, yeasts, mushrooms 2.Eukaryotic- similar to our cell structure so it is difficult to kill 3. They get food- by secreting digestive enzymes and re-absorb nutrients- Pathogens use us as a food source
Protists Sometimes called protozoans	1. eukaryotic- similar to us with respect to cell structure 2. Unicellular- sometimes multicellular 3. classified by movement (action of cillia, flagella, psudopodia aka false feet)
Helmiths	Worms- studied by microscope
Prions	1.DEADLY- different shape in of protein - prions spread to other proteins and create holes in the brain 2. degenerative brain diseases, including mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a, kuru, (women primarily get kuru because they eat the left overs brain and spine)- Deer and elk carry
Parasite	No mouth , no eyes, eats all nutrients- proglatos fall off in fecal matter. can pass 1,000's of eggs
Immunology	1. study pathogen or body's reaction / response- 2.Humoral-fluids in the body , blood, flem, yellow and black bile - Humoral antibodies Y shaped proteins made by B cells stick to pathogens and kill off - 3. cellular carried by "T" cells which are lymphocytes- Note thymus shrinks over time
History	1. Ancient times- using for 10,000's of years, production and preservation of food 2. embalming
1600's- 1800's Robert Hooke	Studied compartments of cork first person to use the word "cells"
1600's- 1800's Antony van redi	Jars of meat- starts to disprove spontaneous generation- meat does not cause maggots the fly's do
1600's- 1800's Edward Jenner	Country doctor creates small pox vaccine by using cow pox scrapings to create the vaccine- same vaccine still used today
1600's- 1800's Louis Pasteur	1.disproves spontaneous generation with Swan neck flasks 2. fermentation process 3. wine and pasteurization (control microbes 4. silkworm disease 5. rabbies vaccine (isolated virus through porcelin)
1600's- 1800's Robert Koch and bacillus anthracis	Connected pathogen to the disease bacillus to anthrax (postulate steps)
1600's- 1800's Joseph Lister	Washing hands
1900's Paul Ehrlich and Salvarsan	First chemical treatment for disease - was and arcinic compound to treat (syphilis) Soldiers in WWI called it private 606
1900's Paul Ehrlich and Salvarsan	Created sulfa drugs that fights microbes- One of the sulfonamides, the sulfa-related antibiotics which are used to treat bacterial and some fungal infections
1900's Alexander flemming and penicilian	discovers penicillin (first antibiotic) by cleaning a petrie dish. Others mass produce- Antibiotic- chemical prohibits as organism growth
1940 and WWII	mass production of penacilin- many soldiers were given penacilian for injuries or after surgery and infection and mortality rates went down
1950's	Everyone wants antibiotics for prevention and treatment
1953 Watson and Crick	structure of DNA was able to be manipulated
1970's Molecular scissors	able to cut and manipulate DNA and crate more- enzymes can glue back together
1980's Kary Mullus	PCR - created by Kary Mullus- Polymerase chain reaction (Copying DNA- important for the Dx of disease right now the only way to know if a person i=has a virus is to look to see if antibodies have been produced by the body to fight- doesn't work on immunocompromised
Prions Stanley Prusiner	Stanley B. Prusiner for his discovery of prions - a new biological principle of infection. What is a prion? It is a small infectious protein capable of causing fatal dementia-like diseases in man and animals.
2000 Genome Project	Human Genome project- sequencing of DNA and find disease genes
9-11-2001 Bioterrorism	Concern for U.S.
2003 SARS	new disease called SARS; first case of the bird flu- severe accute respiratory syndrome- caused by a coronavirus, - was first reported in Asia in February 2003. The illness spread to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia
2005 Avian Flu	growing awareness of the avian flue; world governments mobilized and prepared- mortality rate was 50%- Did not spread
2009 Swine Flu	Swine influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses. Like human influenza viruses, there are different subtypes and strains of swine influenza viruses. The main swine influenza viruses circulating in U.S. pigs in recent years are: swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1 influenza virus
Bruce Ivens Anthrax Scare	Anthrx scare- wanted govt to take seriously and vaccinate so he sent packages out of anthrax in the mail and caused many deaths, He killed himself before FBI could apprehend him.

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