MOST IMPORTANT TERMS P&A

Pregunta	Respuesta
PERCEPTION	Result of neural processes that organize and interpret information conveyed by sensory signals
PSYCHOPHYSICS	Studies the relationship between physical events and the corresponding experience of those events. Gustav Fechner
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD	Amount of energy needed for a person to detect a stimulus
JUST-NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE/ DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD	Size of the difference in a stimulus characteristics needed for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli or a change in a single stimulus
WEBER´S LAW	The same percentage of a magnitude must be present in order to detect a difference between two stimuli
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY	Distinguishes between sensitivity and bias. Based on the idea that signals are always embedded in noise, and thus the challenge is to distinguish signal from noise
CRITERION	The threshold the signal must exceed before you are willing to decide that you have seen the target
AMPLITUDE	Height of the peaks in a light wave or sound wave
FREQUENCY	The number of light waves or sound waves that move past a given point per second
WAVELENGTH	Distance between the arrival of peaks of a light wave or sound wave
TRANSDUCTION	Process in which physical energy is converted by a sensory receptor cell into neural signals
PUPIL	Opening in the eye where light enters/passes
CORNEA	Transparent covering over the eye that focuses light onto the back of the eye
LENS	Focusing of light
ACCOMODATION	Automatic adjustment of the eye for seeing at particular distances, which occurs when muscles adjust the shape of the lens so it focuses incoming light toward the retina
RETINA	Sheet of tissue at the back of the eye containing cells that convert light to neural signals
FOVEA	Small, central region of the retina with the highest density of cones and the highest resolution
RODS	Rod-shaped retinal receptor cells that are very sensitive to light but register only shades of gray. Not found in the fovea
CONES	Cone-shaped retinal receptor cells that respond most strongly to one of three wavelenghts of light. They allow us to see color. Densest in the fovea
OPTIC NERVE	Bundle of axons carrying neural signals from the retina into the brain
BLIND SPOT	Place where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no visual receptors
DARK ADAPTATION	Process in which our sensitivity to light is increased after being in the dark
HUE	Different wavelenghts of light produce sensations of different colors
SATURATION	Deepness of the color, how little white is missed in whit it
LIGHTNESS	Amplitude of the light waves (how much light is present)
TRICHROMATIC THEORY OF VISION	Theory which states that the eye contains 3 kinds of color sensors, each most sensitive to a particular range of wavelenghts: long (red); medium (green); short (blue). The particular mix of responses of these sensors produce the sensation of a given hue
OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY OF COLOR VISION	Theory which states that for some pairs of colors, if one of the colors is present, it causes cells to inhibit sensing the complementary color. Red-greeen; yellow-blue; black-white
AFTERIMAGES	Image left behind by a previous perception
OPPONENT CELLS	Cells that respond to one color from a pair and inhibit sensing the other color from the pair
COLOR BLINDNESS	Acquired or inherited inability to distinguish two or more hues from each other or to sense hues at all
FIGURE	Set of perceptual characteristics that tipically corresponds to an object
GROUND	Background
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY	Perception that characteristics of objects remain the same even when the sensory information striking the eyes changes
SIZE CONSTANCY	Perception that the actual size of an object remains the same even when it is viewed at different distances
SHAPE CONSTANCY	Perception that the actual shape of an object remains the same, even when it is seen from different points of view and so the image on the retina changes shape
COLOR CONSTANCY	Perception that the color of an object remains the same even when it is seen in different lighting conditions
BINOCULAR CUES	Cues to the distance of an object that arise from both eyes working together
CONVERGENCE	Degree to which the eyes sweivel toward the center (are crossed) when a person focuses attention on an object
RETINAL DISPARITY	Difference between the images stricking the retinas of the 2 eyes
MONOCULAR CUES	Cues that can be used for depth perception that involve using one eye
BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING	Processing based on incoming data
TOP-DOWN PROCESSING	Processing based on previous knowledge. Does not change how you see an object, but makes it easier to organize or interpret
CATEGORICAL SPATIAL RELATIONS	Specify relative positions with categories like "above", "beside", etc. Gives you a group of possible locations
COORDINATE SPATIAL RELATIONS	Specify continuous distances from your body or another object that serves as an "origin" of a coordinate space
ATTENTION	The act of focusing on particular information, which allows it to be processed more fully
SELECTIVE ATTENTION	Process of picking out and maintaining focus on a particular quality, object, or event, and ignoring other stimuli or characteristics of the stimuli
POP-OUT	Occurs when perceptual characteristics of a stimulus are sufficiently different from the ones around it that immediately or automatically (via bottom-up processing) comes to our attention
BLINDSIGHT	Visual perceptual processes cannot be at work, but we can still "see"
REPETITION BLINDNESS	Results because repeated stimuli are registered not as individual events but simply as a single "type" of event
CHANGE BLINDNESS	Not seeing large alterations of features as scenes change over time if those features are not of central intereset
ATTENTIONAL BLINK	A rebound period in which a person cannot pay attention to a second stimulus after having just paid attention to another one
PITCH	How high or low a sound seems
LOUDNESS	Level of an auditory stimulus/ strength of a sound
FREQUENCY THEORY	Theory which states that higher frequencies produce higher rates of neural firing
PLACE THEORY	Theory which states that different frequencies activate different places along the basilar membrane
CONDUCTION DEAFNESS	Caused by physical impairment of the outer or middle ear
NERVE DEAFNESS	Occurs when the hair cells are destroyed by loud sounds
SPEECH-SEGMENTATION PROBLEM	Problem of organizing a continuous stream of speech into separate parts that correspond to individual words
CATEGORICAL PERCEPTION	Automatically grouping sounds as members of distinct categories that correspond to the basic units of speech
PHONEMIC RESTORATION EFFECT	Part of the word was actually missing, but all the participants claimed that they actually heard the entire word and denied that the cough covered part of it. Some weren´t even sure that the cough occurred
COCKTAIL PARTY PHENOMENON	The effect of not being aware of other people´s conversations until your name is mentioned and then suddenly hearing it
DICHOTIC LISTENING	Procedure in which participants hear different stimuli presented separately to each of the two ears and are instructed to listen only to sounds presented to one ear

Siguiente

Descripción

Resumen del Recurso

Similar

	Creado por Nuria Nácher Soler hace casi 5 años