Unit 1

Pregunta	Respuesta
Test is over	Exam 1 Units 1,2,3, 8 & 9.
Physiology	the study of body function
Pathophysiology	the study of the body’s response to dysfunction or disease
Disease	the interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure
Etiology	Causes of disease are etiological factors, (biologic, physical forces, chemical agents, nutritional
Pathogenesis	sequence of cellular/tissue events that take place from initial contact with etiological agent until disease expression
Morphology	structure or form of cells, Morphologic changes: gross anatomic & microscopic changes characteristic of a disease
Clinical manifestations	the manifestations produced by a condition that make it evident that a person is sick, i.e. Fever (Structural and Functional changes are Signs: a manifestation noted by an observer, or a Symptoms: a subjective complaint made by ta person with a disorder
Diagnosis	To designate the nature or cause of a health problem, a diagnostic process
Clinical course	The evolution of a disease
Etiologic Factors of Disease	Biologic agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses) Physical forces (e.g., trauma, burns, radiation) Chemical agents (e.g., poisons, alcohol, nicotene) Nutritional excesses or deficits
Epidemiology	The study of disease occurrence in human populations
Factors Derived Using Epidemiologic Methods	How disease is spread How to control disease How to prevent disease How to eliminate disease
Diagnosis	designation of the nature or cause of a health problem
Reliability	the extent to which an observation, when repeated, gives the same result
Validity	the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure
Sensitivity	the proportion of people with a disease who test positive on the test for that disease, “true positive” test, if a sensitive test is negative, means the disease has been excluded, or “ruled out”
Specificity	proportion of people without a disease who test negative on the test for that disease, “true negative
Studies to Determine Risk Factors	Cross-sectional studies use the simultaneous collection of information necessary for classification of exposure and outcome status Case-control studies compare case subjects to control subjects Cohort studies involve groups of people born at the time or who share some factor
Disease case	an existing case or the number of new episodes of a particular illness
Incidence	the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time
Prevalence	a measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time
Morbidity	describes the effects of an illness on a person’s life, the effects on human functioning Concerned with the incidence, persistence, and long-term consequences of disease
Mortality	death producing characteristics of a disease; provides information about trends in the health of a population
Three Levels of Disease Prevention	Primary Prevention (e.g., immunizations): removing risk factors so disease does not occur Secondary Prevention (e.g., Pap smears): detecting disease while it is still curable Tertiary Prevention (e.g., antibiotic use): preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of disease once it has been diagnosed
The mechanism of high blood pressure is an example of Physiology Pathology Pathophysiology	Pathophysiology: Pathophysiology is the mechanistic study of disease.
Which of the following best describes the term etiology? The study of disease progression The study of disease causes The study of disease in populations The study of disease resolution	The study of disease causes: Etiology is the study of the causes of disease.
Is the following statement true or false? Epidemiologists use a number of different factors to describe the stages of a disease.	False: Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations.
Embryonic (week 2 gestation-week9) & Fetal (week 9-birth) growth & development can be impacted by many factors like:	nutrition (maternal/placental), genetics, chemicals (teratogens), maternal infections diseases (HTN)= Small for gestational age (SGA)OR (LGA) Large for gestational age (DM) Neonatal Hypoglycemia.
Early Assessment is ____?	KEY.
Infancy: Health problems arise from:	birth-18 months SGA & LGA, birth injuries (cranial, fractures
Developmental:Infants	Premature birth,(many issues) immature reflexes (injuries)cardiac & respiratory sys.,, poor thermoregulation immature Gastrointestinal (GI): Jaundice, Colic, Immune, Urinary, & Nervous systems. Immature organ systems increase risk of infection/ health problems (Also: SIDS, MVA)
Why do we suggest prompt & Early health assessment, communication & education with parents/caregivers?	Because infants & children will become ill quickly
Children: #1 Health issue is:	injuries (muscle strength & coordination in early development/locomotion, poor judgment, MVA, drowning, burns…)
Due to immature immune systems what is the #1 infection	#1 respiratory infections, also GI & skin disorders) exposure (school) Chronic health problems: allergies, epilepsy, cancer, developmental & learning disabilities, *Obesity
Adolescent:	Few physical health problems, health promotion high importance, significant morbidity & mortality
Causes of Death in Adolescents	Injury/ *MVA # 1 cause of death, homicide, suicide, substance abuse, emotional, magical thinking/ risky behavior, peer pressure, depression/emotional problems, poor communication/parents, risky sexual behaviors, teenage pregnancy, cancer: 4th L. cause of death
Older Adults	Many changes in bodily function, physical appearance, cognition, social/family environments Aging and Disease are not synonymous, aging body can accomplish most, if not all functions Older adult (arbitrary) over 65 years, over 72 million by 2030 Multiple losses (work, spouse, friends/family members, depression, chronic illness, loneliness, psychological distress, Poverty, disabilities
Older Adult Specific Affects of Aging	Physical loss of function: skin dryness & color changes neuromuscular impairment (decreased neurons, cognitive & sensory motor impairment) loss of bone mass/height & muscle strength cardiovascular: systolic hypertension, stiff blood vessels, decreased HR with activity/exercise & decreased ejection fraction Diminished immune response & function Special senses: hearing/vision loss, decreased taste & smell Decreased kidney (renal) function GI Genitourinary: bladder structure & function changes, (Incontinence) decreased sex hormones/function Decreased respiratory function
Types of Cell Communication	Gap junctions Autocrine signaling Paracrine signaling Endocrine signaling Synaptic signaling
Cell Receptors	Activation Types Cell surface G-Protein linked Enzyme –linked Ion-channel- linked
Cellular Energy	Metabolism ATP and ADP Catabolism Anabolism Aerobic metabolism Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain Anaerobic metabolism Glycolysis
The Cell Cycle	G0 – Nondividing cell G1 – Cell growth S – DNS replication G2 – Protein synthesis M – Mitosis (P,M,A,T)
Mechanisms for Movement across Cell Membranes	Passive mechanisms Diffusion Osmosis Active mechanisms Active transport Primary Secondary Cotransport (symport) Countertransport (antiport
Mechanisms for Movement across Cell Membranes II	Endocytosis Phagocytosis Exocytosis Exocytosis Ion channels Leakage channels Gated channels
Passive diffusion	molecules move randomly away from the area where they are most concentrated
Facilitated diffusion	molecules diffuse across a membrane by passing through a protein
Osmosis	diffusion of water molecules
Membrane Potentials	Diffusion potentials Equilibrium potentials Resting membrane potentials Action Potentials
Cells begin with a negative charge, this is called:	resting membrane potential
Stimulus causes:	some Na+ channels to open Na+ diffuses in, making the cell more positive
depolarization	At threshold potential, more Na+ channels open Na+ rushes in, making the cell very positive: depolarization
repolarization:	K+ channels open K+ diffuses out, making the cell negative again: repolarization Na+/K+ ATPase removes the Na+ from the cell and pumps the K+ back in
Types of Tissues	Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
Extracellular Tissue Components	Extracellular matrix Adhesion molecules

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