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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| First ionisation energy | energy needed to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms |
| relative atomic mass | average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 of one atom of Carbon-12 |
| second ionisation energy | energy needed to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of unipositive ions |
| empirical formula | simplest whole number ratio in which atoms of each element are found in a compound |
| covalent bond | pair of electrons shared between two atoms |
| metallic bond | attraction between a cation and a sea of de-localised electrons |
| electronegativity | the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a covalent bond |
| homologous series | series of compounds with the same functional group but differs by -CH2 each time |
| structural isomerism | same molecular formula, different structural fomula |
| chain isomerism | same molecular formula, different carbon arrangement |
| positional isomerism | same molecular formula, functional group in a different position |
| functional group isomerism | same molecular formula, different functional group |
| initiation (free radical substitution) | production of free radicals breaks homolytically photochemical reaction |
| propagation (free radical subs) | reaction between a free radical and a molecule to make another free radical |
| termination (free radical subs) | reaction between two free radicals making an unreactive molecule |
| standard enthalpy of formation | enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent atoms in their standard states, in standard conditions |
| mean bond enthalpy | standard molar enthalpy change of bond dissociation is the energy required to break a specific covalent bond. this varies from compound to compound, so an average is used |
| standard enthalpy of combustion | enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions |
| enthalpy change | heat energy change measured at constant pressure |
| Hess's law | the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent on the route (pathway from reactants to products) |
| disproportionation | redox reaction in which the oxidation number of some atoms of a particular element increase and others decrease |
| geometrical isomer | same structural formula, but bonds arranged differently in space |
| inductive effect | the effect on electron density in one portion of a molecule due to electo/nucleophiles elsewhere. causes dipoles and effects stablity |
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