Week 09

Pregunta	Respuesta
A longitudinal study of 678 sisters 75-107 years old who are members of the School Sisters of Notre Dame congregation	The Nun Study
What 2 main factors determine whether or not a participant exhibit symptoms of dementia of maintains a state of healthy aging?	1. The degree of pathology present in the brain 2. The degree of resistance to the clinical expression of the neuropathology
The clinical consequences of neuropathological lesions depend on what 3 factors?	1. Location 2. Type 3. Amount
The capacity of the brain to resist the expression of symptoms in the face of existing neuropathology	Cognitive reserve
Cognitive reserve is divided into 2 components: Active and Passive. Which component incorporates the biological processes and capacities of people?	Passive
Cognitive reserve is divided into 2 components: Active and Passive. Which component is viewed as a measure of the brain's ability to compensate for the presence of pathology?	Active
In what 3 ways do mental abilities change as people age?	1. Development as multidimensional 2. Development as multidirectional 3. Development as plastic
Skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement, and mastery of social conventions (eg. abilities acquired because of a person's culture)	Crystallized intelligence (eg. vocabulary, verbal comprehension, logical reasoning, general information)
Skills that depend heavily on basic information-preocessing skills (eg. detecting relationships among stimuli, and capacity of working memory)	Fluid intelligence (eg. Spatial visualization, symbol search)
When are people intellectually in their prime? (Young adult, Middle-aged adult, Young-old, Older-old)	Middle-aged adults
Which type of intelligence decreases more in later life? (Fluid or crystallized intelligence)	Fluid intelligence
Processing speed declines as neurons in the brain die causing breaks in neural networks. What view states that the brains forms bypasses with new synapses that are less efficient?	Neural network view of processing speed
Which view of processing speed accounts for the greater loss of information as the information moves through the brain, slowing down the whole system?	Information-loss view of processing speed
True/False: Maintaining 2 tasks at once remains the same difficulty as a person ages.	False (It becomes more challenging)
Resistance to interference from irrelevant information	Inhibition
True/False: The amount of information that people can store in working memory declines with age.	True
What type of knowledge allows the ability to maximize memory?	Accumulated metacognitive knowledge
On what aspect of the cognitive system does aging have little impact?	Metacognition
What requires people to size up real-world situations and analyze how best to achieve goals that have a high degree of uncertainty?	Practical problem solving
An extensive, highly organized, and integrated knowledge base that can be used to support a high level of performance.	Expertise
True/False: Youthful creativity is often deliberate and thoughtful.	False (It is often spontaneous and emotional)
What does creativity become after age 40?	Deliberate and Thoughtful
When is creativity largely egocentric and when is it more altruistic?	Egocentric creativity = Youth Altruistic creativity = Adult
Which gender are most adult learners?	Women
True/False: Education transforms development and often profoundly reshapes the life course.	True
Narrowing of goals, selecting activities to optimize, and compensating for losses	Selective optimization with compensation
Recall of everyday experiences	Episodic memory
True/False: Difficulties in episodic memory rises substantially in old age.	True
A fairly automatic type of memory that demands little mental effort	Recognition
Which suffers more in late adulthood: Recognition or Recall?	Recall
Memory without conscious awareness	Implicit memory
True/False: Age differences in implicit memory are much greater than explicit (deliberate) memory.	False
Difficulty creating and retrieving links between pieces of information	Associative memory deficit
How can someone improve their associative memory?	Helpful memory cues
Very long-term memory	Remote memory
True/False: Intermediate events are more frequently recalled than both remote and recent events by people between ages 50 and 90.	False (Remote and recent events are more easily recalled)
When do most remote events happen? (Reminiscence bump)	Ages 10 and 30
Culturally shared, important life events (School, prom, graduation, marriage, childbirth)	Reminiscence bump
Memory that refers to remembering to engage in planned actions in the future	Prospective memory
True/False: Older adults do better on event-based (event serves as a cue) than time-based (passage of time) memory tasks.	True
True/False: Once a prospective memory task is finished, older adults find it hard to stop, so they will often repeat tasks again.	True
What 2 aspects of language production show age-related losses?	1. Retrieving words from long-term memory 2. Planning what to say and how to say it
True/False: Older adults develop compensatory techniques for their language production problems.	True (eg. speak slowly)
True/False: Older people are less active and effective in solving problems of everyday life.	False (Not as long as they perceive the problems under their control)
True/False: Older adults are less likely to consult others for advice.	False
True/False: Older married couples are more likely to collaborate in problem solving.	True
Breadth and depth of practical knowledge and ability to reflect on and apply this knowledge in ways that make life more bearable and worthwhile	Wisdom
What type of maturity includes the ability to listen patiently and empathetically, and give sound advice?	Emotional maturity
What are the 5 ingredients of wisdom?	1. Knowledge about fundamental concerns of life. 2. Effective strategies that apply knowledge for making life decisions. 3. Consideration for the multiple demands of life contexts. 4. Concern with ultimate human values. 5. Awareness and management of life's uncertainties.
True/False: Age guarantees that a person will have wisdom.	False
What contributes to late-life wisdom?	The experience from having faced and overcome adversity.
True/False: Wisdom is a powerful contributor to human welfare and gratification in old age.	True
What status powerfully predicts older adults' cognitive functioning?	Health status (eg. chronic disease linked with cognitive declines)
Acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death	Terminal decline
True/False: Participation of older adults in continuing education has decreased slightly over the past few decades.	False (It has increased substantially)
True/False: Older adults' willingness to acquire new knowledge and skills is shown through the use of online technology.	True
Participants in lifelong learning tend to be from which SES bracket?	High SES (Tend to be active, well-educated, and rich)

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