P2 AQA

Pregunta	Respuesta
Whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are...	equal and opposite
What is the resultant force?	The combined effect of the forces acting on an object
If the resultant force acting on a stationary object is zero, the object will...	If the resultant force acting on a stationary object is zero, the object will remain stationary
If the resultant force acting on a stationary object is not zero, the object will....	If the resultant force acting on a stationary object is not zero, the object will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force
If the resultant force acting on a moving object is zero, the object will....	If the resultant force acting on a moving object is zero, the object will continue to move at the same speed and in the same direction
If the resultant force on a moving object is not zero, the object will...	If the resultant force acting on a moving object is not zero, the object will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force
What two factors determine the acceleration of an object?	1. The resultant force acting on the object 2. The mass of the object
What does the gradient of a distance-time graph represent?	Speed
What is velocity?	Speed in a given direction
What is the equation to find the acceleration of an object?	a=(v-u)/t v = final velocity u = initial velocity t = time
What does the gradient of a velocity-time graph represent?	Acceleration
What is stopping distance the sum of?	The thinking distance and braking distance
What can affect your thinking distance?	The speed you're travelling at and Tiredness/drugs/alcohol
When the brakes of a vehicle are applied, work done by the friction force between the brakes and the wheel ______ the kinetic energy of the vehicle and the temp of the brakes ______	When the brakes of a vehicle are applied, work done by the friction force between the brakes and the wheel reduces the kinetic energy of the vehicle and the temp of the brakes increases
What can affect braking distance?	Your speed How good your brakes are How good the tyres are Weather conditions
What is thinking distance?	The distance the vehicle travels during the driver's reaction time
What is braking distance?	The distance the car travels under the breaking force
A force applied to an elastic object will result in the object ________ and storing _______ energy	A force applied to an elastic object will result in the object stretching and storing elastic potential energy
The extension of an elastic object is ________ to the force applied	The extension of an elastic object is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the force applied
What is the equation to work out the work done?	Work done = force x distance moved
What is transferred when work is done?	Energy
What is power?	The work done or energy transferred in a given time P=E/t
What is gravitational potential energy?	It is the energy of an object due to its position in a gravitational field
The kinetic energy of an object depends on what?	Its mass Its speed
What is momentum?	A property of moving objects
What is conservation of momentum?	In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event
The build-up of static is caused by what?	Friction
When certain insulating materials are rubbed together they become what?	Electrically charged
______ charged electrons are rubbed off one material and onto the other	Negatively
The material that gains electrons becomes _________ charged	Negatively
The material that loses electrons is left with what?	An equal positive charge
Two objects of the same charge ______ and two objects of different charge _________	Repel Attract
What is electrical current?	A flow of electric charge
What is the size of the electric current?	The rate of flow of electric charge
What is the potential difference?	The work done per coulomb of charge that passes between the points
The resistance of a component can be found by measuring the ________ through and the ___________ across the component	The resistance of a component can be found by measuring the current through and the potential difference across the component
The current through a resistor is ______________ to the potential difference across the resistor	Directly proportional
What equation is used to calculate the current, potential difference or resistance?	V = I x R
The greater the resistance the _________ the current for a given potential difference across the component	The greater the resistance the smaller the current for a given potential difference across the component
For components connected in series the total resistance is what?	The total resistance is the sum of the resistance of each component
For components in series, is the current shared or is it the same everywhere?	The current is the same everywhere
For components in series, the total potential difference is what?	The total potential difference is shared between the components
For components connected in parallel, the potential difference is what?	The potential difference is the same
For components connected in parallel, the total current is what?	The total current is the sum of the currents through the separate components
The resistance of a filament bulb increases as the temperature of the filament __________	The resistance of a filament bulb increases as the temperature of the filament increases
Through a diode, the current can flow.....	....in one direction only
Why can the current only flow in one direction through a diode?	The diode has a very high resistance in the reverse direction
An LED emits light when a current flows through it in the ______ direction	An LED emits light when a current flows through it in the forward direction
As light intensity increases, the resistance of a LDR ________	As light intensity increases, the resistance of a LDR decreases
What does LDR stand for?	Light-Dependent Resistor
What is D.C.?	Direct current. Batteries and cells supply current that always passes in the same direction
As the temperature increases, the resistance of a thermistor ________	As the temperature increases, the resistance of a thermistor decrease
What is A.C.?	Alternating current. Mains current is constantly changing direction
In the UK, what is the frequency of mains electricity?	50 cycles per second (50 hertz)
In the UK, what is the voltage of mains electricity?	230 V
In a plug, what colour is the live wire and where is it positioned?	Brown and on the right hand side
In a plug, what colour is the earth wire and where is it positioned?	Green and yellow and in the middle
In a plug, what colour is the neutral wire and where is it positioned?	Blue and on the left hand side
What happens if an electrical faults causes too great a current?	The circuit is broken by a fuse or a circuit breaker in the live wire
What happens if the current in a fuse wire exceeds the rating of the fuse?	The fuse will melt, breaking circuit
What is an RCCB and how does it work?	Residual Current Circuit Breaker Operate by detecting a difference in the current between the live and neutral wires
Advantages of an RCCB?	Work much faster -> safer Notice small current changes that may not be enough to melt a fuse -> more effective against electrocution
Appliances with metal cases are usually what?	Appliances with metal cases are usually earthed
What is meant by "earthing"?	It means that the case must be attached to an earth wire
Why wouldn't an appliance be earthed?	Because it is double insulated meaning it has a plastic casing and no metal parts are showing
What happens when an electrical charge flows through a resistor?	The resistor gets hot
The rate at which energy is transferred by an appliance is called _______	The rate at which energy is transferred by an appliance is called power
Power, potential difference and current are related by which equation?	P = I X V
Energy transferred, potential difference and charge are related by which equation?	E = V x Q
Why are some substances said to be radioactive?	Because they give out radiation from the nuclei of their atoms all the time
What is an alpha particle made of?	2 protons and 2 neutrons
What is a beta particle made up of?	An electron
What is gamma radiation?	An electromagnetic wave
Alpha particles are deflected _____ than beta particles and in an opposite direction	Alpha particles are deflected less than beta particles and in an opposite direction
What is the relative ionising power of: a) an alpha particle b) a beta particle c) a gamma wave	a) alpha - high b) beta - medium c) gamma - low
What will absorb: a) an alpha particle b) a beta particle c) a gamma wave	a) alpha - tissue/paper b) beta - a few mm of aluminium c) gamma - nothing but lead absorbs quite a lot
What is the range of the following in air? a) an alpha particle b) a beta particle c) a gamma wave	a) alpha - 3-5cm b) beta - about a metre c) gamma - ∞
Which types of radioactivity are deflected by electric and magnetic fields?	Alpha and beta are deflected but gamma is not
What is the half-life of a radioactive isotope?	The average time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to halve
What two fissionable substances are in common use in nuclear reactors?	Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239
What is nuclear fission?	The splitting of an atomic nucleus
For fission to occur, the uranium-235 or plutonium-239 must first what?	They must first absorb a neutron
The nucleus undergoing fission splits into two smaller ______ and two or three _______ and ______ is released	The nucleus undergoing fission splits into two smaller nuclei and two or three neutrons and energy is released
What is nuclear fusion?	The joining of two atomic nuclei to form a larger one
How are stars formed?	When there's enough dust and gas from space, it's pulled together by gravitational attraction
Why, suring the 'main sequence' period of its life, is a star stable?	Because the forces within it are balanced
Fusion processes in stars produce what?	All of the naturally occurring elements
The Sun is a main sequence star. Why will it eventually become a red giant, rather than a red super giant?	It does not have enough mass

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