Respiratory System - Nasal Cavity

Pregunta	Respuesta
What is the function of the respiratory system?	Allows animals to move oxygen into body tissues and remove carbon dioxide from cells
Why is oxygen necessary?	Required for cellular respiration
What is carbon dioxide?	Waste product of cellular respiration
What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system?	1. Conducting portion 2. Respiratory portion
What are the components of the conducting portion?	Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
What is the function of the conducting portion?	To conduct and condition the inspired air before it reaches the lungs
What are the components of the respiratory portion?	Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
What is the main function of the respiratory portion?	To perform gaseous exchange
The nasal cavity consists of what 3 divisions?	The vestibular region, the respiratory region, and the olfactory region
The respiratory region and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity comprise the ___ ___	Nasal fossa
Anterior portion of the nasal cavity; forms a true entrance into the respiratory system; highly pigmented, thickened stratified squamous epithelial lining	Vestibular region
Lies within the nasal septum	Nasal fossa
Main function of the nasal fossa	To condition inspired air
What does “conditioning” inspired air consist of?	Cleansing, moistening, and warming of the air
The respiratory epithelium of the nasal fossa cleanse inspired air by...	Trapping particles such as dust and pollen
The goblet cells and sero-mucus glands of the nasal fossa ... the inspired air	Moisten
The venous plexus of the nasal fossa ... the inspired air	Warms
Moves mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity to the pharynx	Cilia
Create turbulence in the inspired air to trap small particulates in mucus	Nasal concha
Respiratory region contains ___ epithelium that function to trap particles from the passing air	Respiratory
What are the 4 respiratory epithelium cell types	Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, goblet cells, basal cells, and brush cells
Function of basal cells	Source of replacement for ciliated and goblet cells
Function of ciliated cells	Beating of cilia sweeps mucus containing inhaled particles towards the pharynx for swallowing
Function of goblet cells	Secrete mucus which moistens the epithelial surface and adheres to inhaled particles
Refers to lamina propria CT with increased numbers of blood vessels; contains mixed glands	Cavernous stratum
Function of cavernous stratum	Warm the air; moisten the air
Located in the dorso-caudal region of the nasal cavity; lined by olfactory epithelium	Olfactory region
Function of the olfactory region	Chemoreception
Olfactory mucosa consists of thick ___ ___ epithelium	Pseudostratified columnar
The lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa contains ___ ____	Bowman’s glands
What is the purpose of the section from the Bowman’s glands?	To “wash” chemoreceptor sites
What are the 3 major olfactory epithelium cell types?	Olfactory neurons, supporting (sustentacular) cells, and basal cells
Specialized bipolar neurons that are activated when chemicals come in contact with olfactory vesicles	Olfactory neurons
Provide physical support, nourishmentj, and electrical insulation to the olfactory neurons	Sustentacular (supporting) cells
Stem cells that help replace worn out olfactory and sustentacular cells	Basal cells
Briefly describe the process of olfaction	1. Molecules of an olfactant bind to membrane which modifies the plasma membrane’s charge characteristics and triggers and action potential. 2. Signal is routed via afferent nerve to pseudounipolar neuron in cranial nerve ganglia. 3. Relayed to brain’s olfactory lobe. 4. Signal integration takes place within the brain
Tubular structure located at the base of the nasal cavity; specialized for chemoreception	Vomeronasal organ
Function of the vomeronasal organ	Relay information from pheromones to generate appropriate behavioral response
The vomeronasal organ is positioned in a way to maximize air flow. Why?	Increase sensitivity
Vomeronasal neurons contain ___ (as opposed to cilia)	Microvilli
Vomeronasal organ: ___ ___ epithelium	Pseudostratified columnar
Components of the accessory olfactory system	Vomeronasal organs, vomeronasal nerves, and accessory olfactory bulbs
Respiratory epithelium is ___ than olfactory epithelium	Thinner
Functions of glands within the respiratory and olfactory regions	Keep surface moist and trap dust; “wash” chemoreceptor sites
What disease process is the following describing? - nasal concha are destroyed - greenish exudate remaining - fungal hyphae can be found	Fungal rhinitis (dog)
Inherited condition in certain species of dogs; - cilia don’t function—> mucus builds up —> mucus plugging and inflammation of the nasal cavities, trachea, and airways —> chronic respiratory abnormalities	Primary ciliary dyskinesia
- worldwide disease of pigs - atrophy of nasal conchae - bacterial etiology - can result in severe facial deformity	Atrophic rhinitis
With nasal adenocarcinoma, the cells have a ___ growth pattern histologically	Papillary
With nasal lymphoma, (histologically) the lamina propria is filled with ___	Lymphocytes
Flattened conical chamber through which air and food pass	Pharynx
The pharynx is divided partially by the soft palate into ___ and ___	Nasopharynx; oropharynx
Functions of the larynx	Breathing, focalization, and protection of trachea against food aspiration
Tubular shape of larynx maintained by ___ ___ and rings of ___	Skeletal muscle; cartilage
2 Types of cartilage found in larynx	Hyaline and elastic
Larynx is lined by ___ epithelium except surfaces of the ___ ___ and ___	Respiratory; Vocal folds; epiglottis
Epiglottis lined by ___ ___ epithelium	Stratified squamous
Flap of cartilage that gets depressed during swelling to cover the larynx	Epiglottis
Function of epiglottis	Keep the food from entering the respiratory system
Flaps of tissue composed predominantly of muscle and lined by stratified squamous epithelium	Vocal folds
Function of vocal folds	Used for vocalization
Irritation ___ mucus production	Increases

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