Topic 3..Periodic properties of elements..

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what is the Zeff trend across a period? Zeff increases across each period. Zeff=the total number of protons in the atom (Z)- number of core electrons..
what is the atomic radius trend across a period and a group? Atomic radii decrease to the right across each period of the periodic table. Atomic radii increase down each group.
the trend of ions, how are anions and cations related to their neutral atoms? are they larger or smaller or the same?? anions are larger than neutral atoms while cations are smaller than their neutral atoms..
between atoms of larger Zeff and those of smaller Zeff, which ones are strongly attracted to the nucleus? Atoms with larger Zeff are more strongly attracted to the nucleus than those of atoms with smaller Zeff,hence the electron cloud of these atoms is smaller.
what is ionization energy? what is the trend of ionization energy?? Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a ground state atom in the gas phase to form a cation. ionization of an electron is always endothermic(positive values)(energy added) Ionization energies increase to the right across each period,with anomalies of group 13 and 16. ionization energy decreases down each group.
between the first and the second ionization energies which one is higher??? second ionization energy of an atom is larger than the first ionization energy because the second electron is being removed from a cation in which electrons are electrostatically held more tightly than in the neutral atom.
EXPLAIN WHAT ELECTRO AFFINITY IS AND HOW IT TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD Electro affinity is the energy released when an electron enters the atomic orbital of a neutral atom in the gas phase. the absolute values of electro negativity increase to the right across each period.
Explain electronegativity and state the trend. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract electrons to itself. Electronegativity values increase across a period to the right and decrease down a group.
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