Immune response

Pregunta	Respuesta
PRRs	Pattern recognition receptors
PAMPs	Pathogen associated molecular patterns
Transcription factors turned on by MyD88 dependant and independant signalling	Dependant - NFkB, JNK, p38 Independant - NFkB and IRF3
C-type Lectin receptors	Dectin 1, Dectin 2 and mannose receptors all recognise candida and all lead to Th17 adaptive immune response
Mincle	A C-type lectin receptor which recognises malassezia spp, recognises trehalose dymycolate from Mtb
RIG-1 like receptors	RIG-1 - recognises retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, ss RNA, short blunt end of dsRNA. MDA5 - melanoma differentiation associated genes, recognises dsRNA.
Th1 Tcell what activates it what response does it produce	IL-12 Produces IFN-y Macrophages increased phagocytosis CD8Tcell kill infected cells B cell make antibody to enhance phagocytosis
Th2 CD4 Tcells	IL-4 from APC Starts making IL4, IL5, IL13 Makes mast cell destroy worms CD4 Tcell produce more IL4, IL5, IL13 and Bcell make antibody to bind pathogen.
What does MyD88 independant signalling use instead of MyD88?	TRIF
Explain the structure of a BCR	Notes
Explain the structure of a TCR	notes
What are two other sources of variation for the Bcell receptor other than rearrangment?	1. Exact point of splicing between V and D and D and J 2. extra nucleotide can insert at these joints called N region
RSS	Recombination single sequence Recognised by RAG-1 and RAG-2 for recommbination
RAG-1 and RAG-2	Recognise RSS and cut both strands of DNA.
How is RAG-1 and RAG-2 cutting repaired?	Regular cellular machinary, Tdt by nonhomologous joining, the two ends are ligated to form a coding joint V-DJ on heavy chain and VJ on light chain
Allelic exclusion	One chromosome makes a defective BCR then the other one is used. If both defctive then death occurs.
Where does Negative and positive selection of Tcells occur	Thymus
Negative selection	Cells that bind MHC to strongly are killed
Positive selection	Cells that bind MHC at the right level survive Cells that don't bind enough, death by neglect
Features of cytokines	Souble intercellular signalling molecules picomolar and nanomolar concentrations acts through specific receptors Acts locally
Pleiotrophic	More than one effect, cytokines
Why are cytokines tightly regulated and how?	Extremely potent and through receptor expression
What does sustained of systemic production of cytokines lead to?	Pathogenesis and disease
IL-2, IL-6, TNFalpha	Proinflammatory cytokines
Endogenous pyrogens	Increase the thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus
What are effects of pro-infammatory cytokines	Endogenous pyrogens upregulate synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines Stimulate production of acute phase proteins attract inflammatory cells
Cytokine storm	Large quantities of cytokines released, uncontrolled high fever, local edema, severe swelling, septic shock
Anti-inflammatory cytokines	IL10, TGFbeta
IL-10 effects	Stops macrophage production of TNFalpha suppressive functions in the immune response
Chemokines	Proteins active over 1-100mg/ml concentration range stimulate and sustain inflammatory response short lived
Describe overall chemokine structure	Conserved cysteine residues that form disulphide bonds in tertiary structure
CXC chemokines	Bind to CXCR receptors produced mainly by macrophages primarily effect neutrophils
CC chemokines	Two adjacent cystienes Bind to CCR receptor Produced mainly by macrophages and t cells primarily attract monocytes Can also attract tcells, eosinphils and basophils
C chemokines	Only one cystiene bond bind to XCL receptors Attract pre cursor tcells in thymus
CX3C chemokines	Have cysteines separated by three amino acids Attract tcells and monocytes
Structure of a chemokine receptor?	All have seven span transmembrane proteins Signal through G-coupled receptor
IL-8	CXCL8 Produced by monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes
Antigen specific	MHCI/II and TCR
Coreceptor	CD4/8
Adhesion	LFA1 - ICAM
Co-stimulation	CD28/CD80
What inflammatory signals does the APC give the Tcell?	IL-12
CTLA-4	Competes with CD28 to bidn with CD80 from APC
p-SMAC	The peripheral ring of contact all but ICAM and LFA are in this cirle
Describe the intracellular process of TCR activation	Notes
Outcome of TCR activation	Il-2 - Tcell proliferation Tcell cytotoxic function CD8 cytokines -> anitbody production IFNgamma activates macrophages
Th	T helper cell CD4 Tcell subsets
Tc	Cytotoxic Tcell CD8 subsets
What do CD4 Tcell subsets do?	Activate macropahges to make cytokine
What do CD8 Tcell subsets do?	Release perforins and granzymes Cell death of target cell
CD4 Th1	IL-12 from APC activates them They create IFNy Increase macrophage phagocytosis, induce CD8 cells to kill infected cells, Bcells make antibody to enhance pahgocytosis Intracellular infection
CD4 Th2	IL-4 activates them Make IL4, IL5, IL13 Mast cell and eosinohil destory worms, CD4 tcell produce more IL4,5,13 Bcell make antibody Worms and parasites
What can result from Th1 and Th2 if things go wrong?	Th1 - autoimmunity Th2 - allergies
IL-12	IFN-y production
IL-23	IL-17 production
Th17 immune cells	causes neutrophils, inflammation, CD4 tcells to make IL22, autoimmunity
Tfh	Stimulate B cells
Th9	Activated by IL-4, TGFb Makes pro-inflammatory IL9 and Anti-inflammatory IL-10
Type 1 response CD8	IL-12 activated IFNy production
Type 2 responses CD8	IL4 activated Makes IL4, IL5, IL13
Non conventional Tcells	Within gut epithelium gamma sigma not alpha beta TCR Recognise antigen directly, innate like
Non convential Tcell NK	Natural killer cells Respond very fast express restricted alphabetaTCR and NK markers Recognise lipid antigen on MHC like molecules Innate like
What two types of transcription factors are needed in Tcell activation?	One to turn on genes STAT One to keep them on
Th1	IL12 Activation STAT3 turn on genes Tbet keep genes on INFy produced
Th2 cells	IL4 activator STAT6 turns genes on GATA3 keeps genes on IL4, IL5 IL13 produced
Th17 cells	IL-23 activator STAT3 turns genes on RORyt keeps genes on IL17 produced
What are the five ways of keeping a tcell subset that subset?	1. transcription of cytokine genes (positive feedback) 2. Inhibit expression of other cytokine receptors 3. Hisotne modifications to prevent other transcription factors binding 4. DNA methylations to prevent other genes being transcribed 5. micro RNAs HERITABILITY OF DIFFERENTIATION
What controls the speed of response?	Amount and availability of antigen costimulation cytokines
What controls the magnitude of a response?	The amount and availability of antigen costilumaltory molecules cytokines naive precursor frq
What drives the resolution of a response	decreased cytokines antigen/pathogen cease to bind decreased cytokines
Tregs	Suppress the Tcell activation, proliferation and differentiation
Natural Tregs	Develop in the thymus 10% of all CD4 T cells
Induced Tregs	Are induced in the periphery
What do Tregs express?	FoxP3 IL2 receptor and alpha chain CD25 Co-inhibiting molecule CTLA4
Foxp3	Expression in induced Tregs can be driven by TFGb Interferes with IL-2 production by uptaking and degrading it as well as stopping Tcells produce it
Foxp3	Expression in induced Tregs can be driven by TFGb Interferes with IL-2 production by uptaking and degrading it as well as stopping Tcells produce it
Foxp3	Expression in induced Tregs can be driven by TFGb Interferes with IL-2 production by uptaking and degrading it as well as stopping Tcells produce it
Foxp3	Expression in induced Tregs can be driven by TFGb Interferes with IL-2 production by uptaking and degrading it as well as stopping Tcells produce it
IL-10 secretion by Tregs	Suppresses Tcell cytokine production and reduces MHC expression in APCs
TGFb expression by Tregs	Blocks Tcells cytokine production stops cell division and killing ability
CTLA-4 and Tregs	Binds with high affinity to CD80 on APC stopping binding with Tcells It also induces DC to porduce molecules that are toxic to Tcells
IPEX	Systemic autoimmunity Foxp3 mutation Will die within 1-2 years without treatment symptoms gut inflammation, autoimmunity, type 1 diabetes, thyroid disease, dermititis
M2	Regulatory macrophages Produce TGFb Antiinflammatory promote wound healing and tissue repair
What do B cells do?	Secrete antibody act as APC Establish a memory population
Tcell dependant antibody production	Bcell takes up pathogen and presents it, Tcell bind, activate tcell to produce cytokines, B cell develops into a plasma cell
CD40L	Bcell uptakes pathogen, presents it and upregulates CD40L. Tcell activated and also upregulates CD40L which binds CD40L on Bcell Bcell develops into plasma cell
CD40L	Bcell uptakes pathogen, presents it and upregulates CD40L. Tcell activated and also upregulates CD40L which binds CD40L on Bcell Bcell develops into plasma cell
Spleen	Blood filter Red and white pulp
White pulp	Bcells and Tcells are organised into discrete regions of the white pulp. Bcells in follicles, Tcells in PALS Marginal zones contain macrophages and DCs
Germinal centres	Found in Bcell region of lymphnode or spleen Naive Bcells which encounter antigen moves to the boundary with Tcell areas Activated cells move to the follicle to form a germinal centre
Role of antibodies	Can neutralise toxins opsonisation to help ingestion by macrophage cause compliment activation
Somatic hypermutation	Occurs after antigen driven activation as part of the germinal centre response Point mutations, 50% of mutation in antibody at each division Requires AID
AID	Activation inducedcytidine deaminase
Affinity maturation	Good mutations then the Bcell survives Bad mutation apoptosis
Where does somatic hypermutation and antibody class switching occur	Germinal centres
Antibody classes	Different isotypes of constant regions of heavy chain
What three forms does antibody come in?	Monomer 2 sites dimer 4 sites pentamer 10 sites
IgM	1st antibody after immunization strong activator of complement generally low binding strength
IgG	Monomer Can cross the placenta in blood, lymph and ecf major circulating antibody activate complement
IgD	Abdundant on Bcell surface like IgM Secreted function unknown
IgA	In blood, saliva, tears, breast milk, mucous dimers linked by jchain peptide
IgE	Most bound to receptors on granulocytes binding to Ige bound to mast cells causes degranulation and allergies
What drives class switching?	Tfh
What is initally produced in an immune response followed by what?	IgM IgA and IgG
What isotype do naive b cells express?	IgD and IgM
What is immunological memory?	Cells more specialised and more of them
Immunology memory is	A pool of specialised memory cells that develop during an immune response and persist without the antigen available naymore
Where do short lived plasma cells reside	lymph node or spleen
Long lived plasma cells reside in?	Bone marrow
What are long lived plasma cells a source	High affinity class switched antibody
Where do memory Bcells arise from?	The germinal reaction
Features of a memory Bcell	Express higher levels of MHCII and co-stimulatory molecules than naive Bcells Divide very slowly if at all Express surface IgG but do not secrete it Quickly regenerate antibody when they reencounter it
T memory cells	long lived cells that survive after the contraction of the effector phase
Features of T memory cells	Divide more frequently than naive t cells balance of proliferation and death dictates memory pool size IL7 and IL15 needed for survival
Why are T memory cell better?	They divide more and to lower antigen doses require less costimulation produce cytokine faster may be strategically positioned in tissue where infection might occur
Central memory	Express lymphnode homing molecules slower than effector memory cells to produce cytokine
Effector memory	Lack lymphnode homing molecule rapidly produce cytokine upon antigenic stimulation

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	Creado por ruby.white94 hace alrededor de 11 años