Creado por Tommy Chadwick
hace más de 9 años
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Pregunta | Respuesta |
State the structure of a bacterial cell | |
Name 5 things Animal and Plant Cells have in common and their uses | Nucleus- contains genetic material, and controls the cell Cytoplasm- where chemical processes take place (contains enzymes) Cell membrane- Controls movement in and out of the cell Mitochondria- performs cellular respiration Ribosomes- site of protein synthesis |
Name 3 things that Plant Cells have which Animal Cells do not | Cell wall- holds cells structure Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis Vacuole- filled with sap to keep the cell turgid |
How long have microscopes been around? | 350 years |
Who created the first usable microscope in 1590? | Hans and Zaccharias Janssen |
How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope? | Length of object= length of magnified object/ magnification |
What is DNA? | A long molecule made up of twisted strands of the bases A,T,C and G |
What do A,T,C and G stand for? | Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine |
What are genes? | Genes are sections of DNA which each hold a code for a specific protein |
What do the sequence of the bases control? | Which amino acids are created and joined to make a specific new protein or enzyme molecule |
What is an enzyme? | Enzymes are large molecules which speed up the rate of chemical reactions in a cell. |
What is Aerobic Respiration and where does it take place? | Aerobic Respiration is the process which produces most of our energy and it takes place in the mitochondria. |
What are the two twisted strands in DNA called? | Double Helix |
What are the two strands held together by? | Hydrogen bonds between the paired bases |
Who studied DNA in the 1950's? | Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins |
What did they study DNA using? | X-rays |
Who discovered the 3D structure of DNA? | James Watson and Francis Crick |
What is the Genetic Information in an organism called? | Genome |
Differences between Cloning and Genetic Engineering | Cloning 1. Produces exact copies 2. Genes copied within the same species Genetic Engineering 1. Produces a unique set of genes 2. Genes can be swapped across species |
What happens in Genetic Engineering? | Enzymes cut pieces of DNA containing a certain gene from one organism, and join them into a gap in DNA from another organism |
Examples of Genetic Engineering | Genetically Modified Insulin Golden Rice Herbicide Resistant Crops |
Advantages and Disadvantages of GM Insulin | ADVANTAGES -Easier to create high quantities of insulin -It is less likely to cause a harmful reaction DISADVANTAGES -People have ethical concerns (vegetarians and others) due to it being from sheep |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Golden Rice | ADVANTAGES -Can be used to treat Vitamin A deficiency -Prevents blindness DISADVANTAGES -Fears that it will crossbreed with and contaminate wild rice -Beta carotene levels aren't high enough to make a difference |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Herbicide Resistant Crops | ADVANTAGES -Reduces the quantity of herbicide that needs to be used DISADVANTAGES -The potential development of herbicide-resistant weeds -Loss of biodiversity as fewer weed species survive as a food and shelter source for animals |
What is Mitosis? | Cell Division used for Growth and Repair and produces diploid cells which are identical to eachother and their parent cell |
What is Meiosis? | Cell division used for sexual reproduction which produces haploid cells different to eachother and their parent cell. |
Benefits of humans being made from millions of cells | -Cells can be specialised to certain tasks -Groups of cells can function as organs making a more complex organism -The organism can grow to be very large |
What is the name of normal human body cells? | Diploid Cells |
Where does mitosis occur? | Wherever new cells are needed |
Describe the Mitosis Process | |
What is a gamete? | A cell with half the normal number of chromosomes, and only used for sexual reproduction |
What is a zygote? | A cell formed when two gametes combine |
What is fertilisation? | The joining together of two gametes |
What does Haploid mean? | Having half the normal number of chromosomes |
What does Diploid mean? | Having the normal number of chromosomes |
Are Gametes haploid or diploid? | Gametes are always haploid |
What adaptations do Sperm have to increase chances of fertilisation? | SPERM -Long tail to propel themselves -Lots of mitochondria for lots of energy -Front of Sperm has lots of enzymes to digest the egg membrane |
What adaptations do Eggs have to increase chances of fertilisation? | EGG Large food store to feed the zygote |
What does Meiosis produce? | Male or female gametes- Sperm or Egg |
Why is meiosis sometimes called Reduction Division? | Because the gametes only contain half the chromosomes (23) |
Describe meiosis | |
What is asexual reproduction? | Reproduction done by repeated cell division |
What is the process of cloning? | -Removal of diploid nucleus from body cell -Enucleation, or removal, of cell egg -Insertion of diploid nucleus into enucleated egg cell -Stimulation of diploid nucleus to divide by mitosis |
What are the ethical issues of cloning? | -Human cloning is currently restricted -Plants cloning is easier than animals -People don't think we should be able to interfere with the production of life |
What is a stem cell? | A cell which can grow into any type of cell in the body |
What can stem cells be used for? | -Making new brain cells to treat people with Parkinson's disease -Rebuilding bones and cartilage -Repairing damaged immune systems -Making replacement heart valves |
How many genes code together to make a protein? | Three |
What do proteins do? | Proteins fold up into different shapes, the different shapes and sequences give the proteins different functions |
Example of a protein? | Keratin, it is a fibrous protein found in hair and nails |
What is a mutation? | A change that can occur in our genes |
What causes mutations? | They can be caused by background radiation and chemicals that we come into contact with our skin. |
What can mutations do? | -Kill Cells -Cause cancer -Very rarely can be benificial |
Where in the body would mutations cause the problem of being passed on to generations? | Sex Cells |
What can cause changes to an organism? | -Mutations -Environmental changes -Natural Selection |
What is transcription? | The first part in the process of making a protein |
What happens in transcription? | The DNA splits in half so each half can go out to the ribosomes |
What is translation? | It is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis |
What is an enzyme? | An enzyme are soluble protein molecules that can speed up chemical reactions in cells |
Which reactions do enzymes catalyse? | -DNA replication -Protein Synthesis -Digestion |
Describe the reaction of an enzyme | |
What happens to enzymes in heat? | Reaction speeds up |
What is the optimum temperature for enzymes? | 40'C |
Optimum condition for an enzyme to work? | pH of 8 |
When are enzymes most active? | When there are lots of substrates present |
What is the denaturing of enzymes? | Denaturing of enzymes is where the temperature or pH effects the 'lock and key effect' |
What is respiration? | Respiration is a chemical process in which energy is released from food substances |
What is the equation for aerobic respiration? | glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy) |
Describe the circulatory system | |
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration? | glucose → lactic acid (+ energy) |
What is EPOC? | Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Debt |
What is an artery? | Carries blood away from the heart |
What is the equation for photosynthesis? | Carbon dioxide and water → glucose and oxygen |
5 adaptations of leaves | -Large surface area -Thin -Chlorophyll -Network of veins -Stomata |
Why are there these 5 adaptations? | -To absorb more light -Short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells -Absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals -To support the leaf and transport water and carbohydrates -Allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf |
Describe the structure inside a leaf | |
What 3 things can effect photosynthesis? | light intensity carbon dioxide concentration temperature |
What is transpiration? | Water on the surface of spongy and palisade cells (inside the leaf) evaporates and then diffuses out of the leaf |
What is a xylem? | A tube which carries water and nutrients in the plant during transpiration |
Factors effecting transpiration, and how they effect it | Light-speed up Temperature- speeds up Wind- speeds up Humidity- slows down |
What is the phloem? | Part of a plant which moves food substances from leaves to rest of plant during Translocation |
What is a stomata? | The opening which allows carbon dioxide into the leaf |
What does a wax cuticle do? | Prevents water vapour from escaping through the epidermis |
What does blood consist of? | Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets |
What are each of these? | Plasma- transports dissolved substances around the body Red blood cells- contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen around the body White blood cells- fight infectious diseases Platelets- clot the blood |
Examples of tissues? | Muscle The lining of the intestine The lining of the lungs Phloem Root hair tissue |
Examples of organs? | Heart Lung Stomach Brain Leaf Root |
Organ systems | Circulatory system Respiratory system Digestive system Nervous system Reproductive system Leaf canopy |
Describe the heart |
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