Edexcel Additional Science Biology

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Fichas sobre Edexcel Additional Science Biology, creado por Tommy Chadwick el 25/05/2015.
Tommy Chadwick
Fichas por Tommy Chadwick, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Tommy Chadwick
Creado por Tommy Chadwick hace más de 9 años
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Pregunta Respuesta
State the structure of a bacterial cell
Name 5 things Animal and Plant Cells have in common and their uses Nucleus- contains genetic material, and controls the cell Cytoplasm- where chemical processes take place (contains enzymes) Cell membrane- Controls movement in and out of the cell Mitochondria- performs cellular respiration Ribosomes- site of protein synthesis
Name 3 things that Plant Cells have which Animal Cells do not Cell wall- holds cells structure Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis Vacuole- filled with sap to keep the cell turgid
How long have microscopes been around? 350 years
Who created the first usable microscope in 1590? Hans and Zaccharias Janssen
How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope? Length of object= length of magnified object/ magnification
What is DNA? A long molecule made up of twisted strands of the bases A,T,C and G
What do A,T,C and G stand for? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine
What are genes? Genes are sections of DNA which each hold a code for a specific protein
What do the sequence of the bases control? Which amino acids are created and joined to make a specific new protein or enzyme molecule
What is an enzyme? Enzymes are large molecules which speed up the rate of chemical reactions in a cell.
What is Aerobic Respiration and where does it take place? Aerobic Respiration is the process which produces most of our energy and it takes place in the mitochondria.
What are the two twisted strands in DNA called? Double Helix
What are the two strands held together by? Hydrogen bonds between the paired bases
Who studied DNA in the 1950's? Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
What did they study DNA using? X-rays
Who discovered the 3D structure of DNA? James Watson and Francis Crick
What is the Genetic Information in an organism called? Genome
Differences between Cloning and Genetic Engineering Cloning 1. Produces exact copies 2. Genes copied within the same species Genetic Engineering 1. Produces a unique set of genes 2. Genes can be swapped across species
What happens in Genetic Engineering? Enzymes cut pieces of DNA containing a certain gene from one organism, and join them into a gap in DNA from another organism
Examples of Genetic Engineering Genetically Modified Insulin Golden Rice Herbicide Resistant Crops
Advantages and Disadvantages of GM Insulin ADVANTAGES -Easier to create high quantities of insulin -It is less likely to cause a harmful reaction DISADVANTAGES -People have ethical concerns (vegetarians and others) due to it being from sheep
Advantages and Disadvantages of Golden Rice ADVANTAGES -Can be used to treat Vitamin A deficiency -Prevents blindness DISADVANTAGES -Fears that it will crossbreed with and contaminate wild rice -Beta carotene levels aren't high enough to make a difference
Advantages and Disadvantages of Herbicide Resistant Crops ADVANTAGES -Reduces the quantity of herbicide that needs to be used DISADVANTAGES -The potential development of herbicide-resistant weeds -Loss of biodiversity as fewer weed species survive as a food and shelter source for animals
What is Mitosis? Cell Division used for Growth and Repair and produces diploid cells which are identical to eachother and their parent cell
What is Meiosis? Cell division used for sexual reproduction which produces haploid cells different to eachother and their parent cell.
Benefits of humans being made from millions of cells -Cells can be specialised to certain tasks -Groups of cells can function as organs making a more complex organism -The organism can grow to be very large
What is the name of normal human body cells? Diploid Cells
Where does mitosis occur? Wherever new cells are needed
Describe the Mitosis Process
What is a gamete? A cell with half the normal number of chromosomes, and only used for sexual reproduction
What is a zygote? A cell formed when two gametes combine
What is fertilisation? The joining together of two gametes
What does Haploid mean? Having half the normal number of chromosomes
What does Diploid mean? Having the normal number of chromosomes
Are Gametes haploid or diploid? Gametes are always haploid
What adaptations do Sperm have to increase chances of fertilisation? SPERM -Long tail to propel themselves -Lots of mitochondria for lots of energy -Front of Sperm has lots of enzymes to digest the egg membrane
What adaptations do Eggs have to increase chances of fertilisation? EGG Large food store to feed the zygote
What does Meiosis produce? Male or female gametes- Sperm or Egg
Why is meiosis sometimes called Reduction Division? Because the gametes only contain half the chromosomes (23)
Describe meiosis
What is asexual reproduction? Reproduction done by repeated cell division
What is the process of cloning? -Removal of diploid nucleus from body cell -Enucleation, or removal, of cell egg -Insertion of diploid nucleus into enucleated egg cell -Stimulation of diploid nucleus to divide by mitosis
What are the ethical issues of cloning? -Human cloning is currently restricted -Plants cloning is easier than animals -People don't think we should be able to interfere with the production of life
What is a stem cell? A cell which can grow into any type of cell in the body
What can stem cells be used for? -Making new brain cells to treat people with Parkinson's disease -Rebuilding bones and cartilage -Repairing damaged immune systems -Making replacement heart valves
How many genes code together to make a protein? Three
What do proteins do? Proteins fold up into different shapes, the different shapes and sequences give the proteins different functions
Example of a protein? Keratin, it is a fibrous protein found in hair and nails
What is a mutation? A change that can occur in our genes
What causes mutations? They can be caused by background radiation and chemicals that we come into contact with our skin.
What can mutations do? -Kill Cells -Cause cancer -Very rarely can be benificial
Where in the body would mutations cause the problem of being passed on to generations? Sex Cells
What can cause changes to an organism? -Mutations -Environmental changes -Natural Selection
What is transcription? The first part in the process of making a protein
What happens in transcription? The DNA splits in half so each half can go out to the ribosomes
What is translation? It is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis
What is an enzyme? An enzyme are soluble protein molecules that can speed up chemical reactions in cells
Which reactions do enzymes catalyse? -DNA replication -Protein Synthesis -Digestion
Describe the reaction of an enzyme
What happens to enzymes in heat? Reaction speeds up
What is the optimum temperature for enzymes? 40'C
Optimum condition for an enzyme to work? pH of 8
When are enzymes most active? When there are lots of substrates present
What is the denaturing of enzymes? Denaturing of enzymes is where the temperature or pH effects the 'lock and key effect'
What is respiration? Respiration is a chemical process in which energy is released from food substances
What is the equation for aerobic respiration? glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
Describe the circulatory system
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration? glucose → lactic acid (+ energy)
What is EPOC? Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Debt
What is an artery? Carries blood away from the heart
What is the equation for photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide and water → glucose and oxygen
5 adaptations of leaves -Large surface area -Thin -Chlorophyll -Network of veins -Stomata
Why are there these 5 adaptations? -To absorb more light -Short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells -Absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals -To support the leaf and transport water and carbohydrates -Allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf
Describe the structure inside a leaf
What 3 things can effect photosynthesis? light intensity carbon dioxide concentration temperature
What is transpiration? Water on the surface of spongy and palisade cells (inside the leaf) evaporates and then diffuses out of the leaf
What is a xylem? A tube which carries water and nutrients in the plant during transpiration
Factors effecting transpiration, and how they effect it Light-speed up Temperature- speeds up Wind- speeds up Humidity- slows down
What is the phloem? Part of a plant which moves food substances from leaves to rest of plant during Translocation
What is a stomata? The opening which allows carbon dioxide into the leaf
What does a wax cuticle do? Prevents water vapour from escaping through the epidermis
What does blood consist of? Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets
What are each of these? Plasma- transports dissolved substances around the body Red blood cells- contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen around the body White blood cells- fight infectious diseases Platelets- clot the blood
Examples of tissues? Muscle The lining of the intestine The lining of the lungs Phloem Root hair tissue
Examples of organs? Heart Lung Stomach Brain Leaf Root
Organ systems Circulatory system Respiratory system Digestive system Nervous system Reproductive system Leaf canopy
Describe the heart
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