Social Studies Final Exam

Pregunta	Respuesta
Pope Gregory VII	A powerful medieval pope, he fought with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the power to choose church officials.
friar	members of a religious order who lived and worked among the public
Pope Urban II	Medieval pope, he called on the Christians to launch the First Crusade.
King Richard I	King of England, he led Christian soldiers in the Third Crusade. He earned the respect of his enemies as well as his soldiers for his bravery and kindness.
Dominic de Guzman	A Spanish priest who founded the Dominican Order. He was later named a saint.
clergy	church officials
Michelangelo	Italian Renaissance artist, he designed buildings, wrote poetry, and created sculptures and paintings.
humanist	someone who believes in the value of humans and thinks in a logical, rational way
Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain, his crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe.
King Henry IV	Holy Roman Emperor, he fought with Pope Gregory VII over the power to choose church officials.
heretic	something that goes against the Church's teachings
Saint Ignatius of Loyola	Spanish noble and saint, he founded the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits.
Niccolo Machiavelli	Italian writer and politician, he wrote The Prince in which he advised leaders on how to rule.
Dante Alighieri	Italian Renaissance, he wrote The Divine Comedy in the Italian language.
Desiderius Erasmus	Dutch priest, he published In Praise of Folly in which he criticized corrupt clergy. His criticisms helped inspire the Protestant Reformation.
Johann Gutenberg	German printer, he developed a printing press that used movable type.
Nicolaus Copernicus	Polish astronomer, his book "On The Revolution Of The Celestial Spheres" helped begin the Scientific Revolution.
Prince Henry the Navigator	Prince of Portugal, he helped promote exploration by Portuguese sailors.
Johannes Kepler	German astronomer, he proved that the planets orbit the sun.
Pope Leo IX	Pope in 1049, he believed that all church officials should answer to the pope. Leo excommunicated bishop of Constantinople because the he wouldn't recognize his authority.
monk	a religious man who lived apart from society in an isolated community
Saladin	Muslim general, he led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade.
Francis of Assisi	Italian saint, he encouraged others to be kind to people and founded the Franciscan Order.
Thomas Aquinas	Dominican philosopher, he argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian belief.
Pope Innocent III	Decided in the early 1200s that heresy was too big a threat to ignore. Called a crusade against the heretics in southern France.
Leonardo da Vinci	Genius of the Renaissance, he was a painter, sculptor, inventor, engineer, town planner, and mapmaker.
rationalist	someone who thinks rationally and logically
Vasco de Gama	Portuguese sailor, he sailed around Africa to reach India.
John Calvin	Christian reformer, he taught about predestination, living good lives, and obeying God’s laws.
William Tyndale	English professor, he translated the Bible into English and was later executed for heresy.
Saint Francis Xavier	Jesuit priest and missionary, he introduced Catholicism to parts of India and Japan.
William Shakespeare	English Renaissance writer and playwright, he is considered by many to be the greatest English writer of all time.
Huguenots	French Protestants (largely Calvinist) that suffered severe persecution by the Church.
Lutherans	a follower of Martin Luther
Galileo Galilei	Italian scientist, he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to test theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted Church teachings.
Sir Francis Drake	an English privateer who stole treasure from Spanish transport
Sir Isaac Newton	English scientist, he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works.
The Holy Land	the region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea where Jesus lived, preached, and died
Granada	a Muslim stronghold on the Mediterranean coast of Spain
sect	a group of people with slightly different religious beliefs than the larger group to which they belong
religious order	a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules
thesis	a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved
bull	an official document issued by the pope to explain the Bible or other religious teachings
pilgrimage	a journey to a sacred place
natural law	a law that people believed God had created to govern how the world operated
Congress	the national legislative body of a country
Parliament	(in the UK) the highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons.
Edict of Nantes	a law granting religious freedom in most of France
Council of Trent	a meeting of church leaders to discuss, debate, and reform Catholic teachings
Treaty of Westphalia	The agreement in Europe that allowed leaders to determine whether or not their countries would be Catholic or Protestant.
Ninety-Five Theses	On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther nailed a list of complaints about the church to a door in Wittenburg. It is called the Ninety-Five Theses.
Protestant Reformation	a reform movement against the Church
Renaissance	the period of “rebirth” and creativity that followed Europe’s Middle Ages
humanism	the study of history, literature, public speaking, and art that led to a new way of thinking in Europe in the late 1300s
capitalism	an economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most industries
mercantilism	a system in which a government controls all economic activity in a country and its colonies to make the government stronger and richer
caravel	a Portuguese ship style that has triangular sails and better steering
Spanish Armada	a large fleet of Spanish ships that was defeated by England in 1588
Triangular Trade	the three pronged trade network that included raw materials from the colonies in the Americas, manufactured products from Europe, and slaves from Africa
Columbian Exchange	the exchange of goods and ideas between the New World and Europe
excommunication	to cast out from the church
heresy	something that goes against the Church's ideas
Crusades	A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia fought for the control of the Holy Land from 1096 to 1291.
theory	an explanation a scientist develops based on facts
logical	rational, reasonable

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