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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| Social psych | Study of feelings thoughts and behaviours of individuals in social situations |
| Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959 | Ss asked to lie for free, $1 & $20 -Free didn't justify themselves -$1 completely justified themselves -$20 justified themselves only a little more than free |
| Steps in research process | 1-Research question 2-Hypothesis 3-Operationalise: Measure, what, how, who 4-Design it 5-Collect data 6-Analyse data 7-Draw apt conclusions |
| Concluding Causality | 1) Relationship 2) Is relationship spurious 3) Does 'cause' precede 'effect' |
| Illusion of transparency | We think others can read our concealed emotions eg. when lying |
| Spotlight effect | We overestimate the amount others pay attention to our appearance and behaviours |
| Gilovich (2000) spotlight effect study | Asked to predict how many people noticed embarrassing or desirable shirts: 50% Results embarrassing: 25%, desirable 10% |
| How to improve self esteem | Success! |
| William James on self esteem | SE = successes/pretensions |
| Efficacy of self-affirmations | Helps those with high SE Hurts those with low SE |
| Leary (1998) on Self Esteem | Sociometer: SE is indicator of social inclusion, makes us notice & suffer if we lose connections. Motivates us to make friends |
| Dark side of self esteem (Heatherington & Vohs, 2000) | People with high self esteem were rated as rude and agitated when told something negative about themselves in conversation |
| Life satisfaction (Schwarz & Clore, 1983) | When raining, people rated life-satisfaction and happiness lower, unless they were alerted to the weather |
| Dutton & Aron, 1974 Suspension bridge | Misattribution of arousal: 50% called girl on scary bridge for 'feedback', 12% called her on safe bridge |
| Are we good at predicting our behaviour? (egs) | NO Electric shocks (Milgram) Bystander effect (Darley & Latane) Conformity (Asch) |
| Kruger & Dunning (1999) Judging own ability study | Students' perceived ability in rating jokes was way off the mark compared to actual ability |
| Affective forecasting problems: | Impact bias: Tendency to overestimate the impact of future emotional events |
| Affective forecasting (Wilson et al, 2005) | Lecturers predicted tenure is critical to their future happiness, Happiness was the same for those who got tenure and those who didn't |
| Why is affective forecasting poor? (3 things) | -Impact bias, -Underestimate ability of "psychological immune system": discounting, forgiving, making attributions etc, -Focus on event itself and ignore the millions of real life things which affect us |
| Self-serving biases (definition) | Attributional distortions that protect or enhance self-esteem |
| Self serving biases (2 egs) | False consensus False uniqueness |
| False consensus | Tendency to see one's opinions and undesirable behaviours as typical when they're not (self serving bias) |
| False uniqueness | Tendency to overestimate the uniqueness of our desirable behaviours/attributes (eg. musical ability) (Self serving bias) |
| Why self serving biases? (3 egs) | -Attentional bias -Availability of instances (eg. smokers noticing more smokers) -Subtle motivational influences eg. confirmation bias |
| Snap judgements accuracy | -correlate well with judgements after 20 mins with skilled interviewers -Don't seem particularly "truly" accurate |
| Implicit personality theories (and how they work) | -Informal theories about what different types of people are like -Based on self knowledge and life experience -Beliefs of how traits & behaviours are related -We "Fill in the blanks" |
| Faces (Zebrowitz et al 2005) | Babyish faces judged more trustworthy, inappropriate for mature jobs |
| Central traits (Asch, 1946) | Certain traits have disproportionate influence on final impression: Descriptions including the word WARM were rated *much* higher than those with COLD, other words kept the same |
| Biases in impressions (Asch, 1946) | Primacy vs Recency -Same trait lists were rated better when good words come first |
| Which is stronger, Negative or Positive information? | NEGATIVE (Baumeister et al, 2001) -Because negatives signal threat we may need to do something about |
| Physical appearance (Dion, Berscheid & Walster, 1972) | Hot people rated as better at everything except being parents |
| Schemas | Set of organised expectations about objects events and people, used to interpret new info |
| Robber's cave (Sherif, 1966) | Boys randomly assigned to groups became hostile to each other, Only came back together when they had to cooperate to achieve superordiate goals |
| Rumour experiment (Allport & Postman, 1947) | Image of black guy and white guy with knife described in a chinese-whispers game: By the end the knife passed to the black guy, as this better fitted people's schemas |
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