Philosophy Exam

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my philosophy notes
Sarah MacKay
Fichas por Sarah MacKay, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Sarah MacKay
Creado por Sarah MacKay hace más de 9 años
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta Respuesta
Deduction All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is a mortal.
Induction It has rained everyday on January 1st in Hawaii for the past several years. Therefore, it will rain next year on that day as well.
Law of non-contradiction 1. It is raining outside. 2. It is not raining outside.
Cogito Ergo Sum I think therefore I am
Rationalism Rationalism is a branch of philosophy where the validity of an idea is determined by logic, rather than religious means
Empiricism knowledge that only comes from the senses
Socratic Method asking someone questions to make them prove themselves wrong
Mind-Independent Reality the world that exists without our mind (depth)
Mind Dependent Reality world that requires our mind to exists (colour, taste, temperature)
Noumenal World (same as mind-independent)
Phenomenal World (same as mind dependent)
A priori prior knowledge
A posteriori Dependent on experience: learned knowledge
Rationalism descartes and kant validity of idea is determined by logic all knowledge can be understood by a process of reasoning without external forces
Free Will no physical or social constraints
Empiricism knowledge comes from experience, experience is information that comes from our senses
Dualism mind and body are different substances that make up reality, ghost in the machine
idealism physical reality is an illusion, mental reality is what is real, people have a common conscious
materialism only reality is the physical one, verifiable through science
Atheism belief there is no god
Agnosticism lack of belief
Theism at least one god
Monotheism only one god
Polytheism more than one god
pantheism god and universe are one
Meditation calm relaxation and being one with yourself
Mantra a word or sound repeated to aid concentration in meditation.
Interconnectedness that everyone is connected to everything
Enlightenment All people can think for themselves
Terra Nullius unoccupied, bare land
Confirmation Bias seek out information that conforms to their pre-existing view points, and subsequently ignore information that goes against them
Metaethics focuses on what morality itself is.
Normative Ethics investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act
Categorical Imperative A moral obligation or command that is unconditionally binding
Utilitarianism the best outcome for the greatest amount of people
Monism The view that a variety of things can be explained in a single reality or substance
Virtue Ethics emphasizes the virtues, or moral character,
Falsificationism Theories must be able to be disproved in order to be considered scientific theory
Deontology emphasizes duties or rules
Moral Absolutism is the ethical belief that there are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged, and that certain actions are right or wrong,
Moral Relativism concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different people and cultures.
Psychological Egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest (friends)
Psychological Altruism is the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others
Social Contract Theory A social contract is an agreement between the people of a state and the government of a state. (laws)
Collective Action Problem refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective
Correspondence Theory of Truth The truth of my statement depends on whether it corresponds with a state-of-affairs that exists in reality. Cannot be true and false
Coherence Theory of Truth The truth of my proposition depends on whether it coheres (is consistent with) the rest of my beliefs
Aporia state of confusion
Applied Ethics what people think is ethicsl
Method of Doubt doubting everything to prove you're right
Evolutionary Ethics our evolving ethics
Paradigm a social construct, and we want to fit in with everyone else, or other people’s views of us, so we follow them.
Paradigm Shift changing or shifting your views
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