The Seventeenth Century

Pregunta	Respuesta
Describe the origins and the outcome of the English Civil War!	Civil War
Civil War - > English Revolution fought between crown and parliament; during the reign of the Tudors, modern English parliament emerged; Parliament was needed by the monarchs to make some of their decisions legitimate; Civil War similar to French revolution and 30-years-war in Germany; monarchs in England were so powerful that parliament wasn't called for years -> only needed for money/ taxes; monarch not member of Chamber; Upper Chamber and Lower Chamber	Civil War - Origins
Upper Chamber: aristocrats, members of church (clerks) Lower Chamber: "elected" (land-owners, only 3% of population could be elected), wealthy people	Civil War - Origins
1628: House of Commons demanded rights; Charles I accepted its demands but then dissolved parliament and ruled without it for 11 years Short Parliament of 1640: needed money, recalled parliament and dissolved it after 3 weeks recall of parliament later that year: parliament passed a bill that it can only be dissolved when members agree -> long parliament 1640-1660	Civil War - Origins
John Pym: leader of parliament, most opposed to king parliament was very critical against Charles I. -> parliament assumed ultimat authority	Civil War - Origins
Struggle between king and parliament: conflict of wills, by 1641: new view emerged that king was irresponsible, rebellion in Ireland 1641: rebels claimed to act on Charles authority: Charles was thought to support catholic Irish -> people thought he would restore catholic religion	Civil War - Origins
Puritans & Levellers: Puritans: system was bitterly opposed by the great majority of ordinary people; Levellers: radical Puritans, wanted to abolish existing governments; suffrage- the right to vote - should be for all men	Civil War - Origins
Outbreak: 1642: relations between king & parliament hopeless; Charles feared parliament and fled from London, some aristocrates followed him and formed the Oxford-Parliament; Both: raised armies independently, 'Battle of Edgehill' in October 1642 started the English Civil War; Parliamentarians (or Roundheads after their hairstyle) vs. Royalists or Cavaliers	Civil War - Outbreak
supporters of king had religious demands: wanted angl. church to stay (power) largest single battle: Marston Moor near York in June 1644 Parliament's heartland: area in the immediate vicinity of London -> greater long-term advantages!	Civil War - Outbreak
advantages: wealth and men-power of London -> so powerful that parliament won the battle! whoever controlled London, controlled everything! New Model Army: Engl. 1st professional fighting-force strict discipline achieved impressive string of victories	Civil War - End
C.W. was over with defeat of the Scots at Preston (1648; Scots had entered into an alliance with Charles) 1647: only 2 alternatives -> Parliament would capitulate OR parliament would remove the king; (most) of parliament wanted to restore the king, leaders oft army & minority of people wanted removal of king -> RUMP PARLIAMENT (radical) - 46 men: 26 out of those wanted to put king on trial January 1649: Beheading of Charles at Whitehall	Civil War - End
The Commonwealth 1649-1660: around the execution of Charles I, the Rump parliament created the legal basis for a republic; on February 6th 1649: monarchy was formally abolished; from 1649 - 1660: England was republic/ Protectorate	Civil War - Outcome
Commonwealth: new concept; republic: state governed by its citizens; Scottland fully intigrated into Britain, Ireland defeated	Civil War - Outcome
Oliver Cromwell: most powerful ruler since the fall of Rome! ruled as Lord Protector (his invention) and Head of State from 1653 - 1658; leader of Puritans, member of Parliament; brought England, Ireland and Scottland to Union; forced parliament to bend to his will; parliament offered him throne -> he declined Power: bigger than any other monarch; all power held by military (dictatorship of military)	Civil War - Outcome
Consequences of the Civil War: (later) desintegration of Puritanism weakening of church of England trauma of regicide (Königsmörder)	Civil War - Outcome
Which factors led to the restoration of the monarchy in 1660?	Restoration
Why Restoration? after Cromwells death (1658): his son Richard became his successor as Lord Protector of England; very weak, not convincing enough, lost support of army; why did parliament support restoration? people believed that country needs a ruler (traditional) kings power known, powers of Lord Protector unknown 6 undefined	Restoration
Puritanism: -closed theatres -enjoyment forbidden -very strict -no colorful clothes .... Oliver Cromwell was hated, when he died Puritanism was not very popular	Restoration
Consequences: Charles II (son of Charles I) elected: took throne after lifing his whole life in France (in exile) -Puritan popularity strongly declined -religious pluralism in England was accepted, religion had a more unthreatening manner (more like a hobby) -Christianity: depoliticised and demystified	Restoration
What was the Glorious Revolution?	Restoration & Glorious Revolution
Charles II unconditionally restored, his reign was declared to have begun with his fathers death one of Charles II first orders: -> profound divide between churchmen and dissenters (Puritans) only challenge to the king's authority: Exclusion Crisis 1687-81 -> no catholic ruler on throne allowed	Restoration & Glorious Revolution
Why Crisis? Charles II had no legal (!) children possibility of new catholic dynasty occured with James II	Restoration & Glorious Revolution
James II: Catholic brother of Charles II became king - again a catholic on the throne -> people accepted this reluctantly because James only child Mary was protestant -> James II intented a programme of re-Catholicisation	Restoration & Glorious Revolution
politicians split into two main groups for the first time: Whigs - exclude James II Tories - king is right -> every king who follows is also right	Glorious Revolution
plan to invite William of Orange to England -> William saw a chance to use the British naval & forces to defeat Louis XIV - able to get himself proclaimed joint ruler with Mary within a matter of weeks -> bloodless conquest! James II lost support in parliament & army & fled to France	Glorious Revolution
Crown offered to William and Mary jointly: joint monarchy -> both rule as king and queen! 'Bill of Rights' was passed: most important document in engl. history -> right of free elections, right to regular Parliament, right of Parliament to control taxation, succession of throne confined to Protestants	Glorious Revolution
expression 'Glorious Revolution' first used in 1689, it is also called the bloodless Revolution Revolution as the last successful invasion of England, beginning of modern English parliamentary democracy	Glorious Revolution

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