C1 revision flash cards

Pregunta	Respuesta
3 FACTS ABOUT FOSSIL FUELS	They are formed naturally They are finite and non-renewable because they are used up much faster than new supplies can be formed They are all easily extracted
WHERE IS CRUDE OIL FOUND AND HOW IS IT TRANSPORTED?	Crude oil is found in the Earth's crust. It is transported to refineries through pipelines or in oil tankers.
WHAT IS CRUDE OIL? DISADVANTAGES OF CRUDE OIL	Crude oil is a mixture of many hydrocarbons. Accidents can cause oil spills . This can harm the wildlife (such as birds - their wings can get stuck together. and damage the beaches.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION: Different hydrocarbons have different boiling points. This means that crude oil can be separated into useful fractions that contain mixtures of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points.	Fractions with low boiling points leave at the top Fractions with high boiling points leave at the bottom. Image: f1cae24a-93ac-4d7f-b0f9-37162de05773 (image/jpg)
CRACKING (WHAT IT IS AND WHY IT IS USED)	Hydrocarbons can be described as alkanes or alkenes. Large alkane molecules can be broken down to create smaller, more useful alkane and alkene molecules. Cracking is used to make more petrol.
FORCES BETWEEN MOLECULES	In a hydrocarbon molecule there are: Strong covalent bonds between atoms in the molecule. Weak intermolecular forces (forces of attraction between molecules).
COMBUSTION	Combustion is when fuels react with oxygen and they burn and release useful heat energy Complete combustion of methane and air: methane + oxygen->carbon dioxide+water
INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION	Incomplete combustion is when fuels burn without enough oxygen. Some heat energy is released but not as much as a complete combustion.
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO THINK ABOUT WHEN CHOOSING A FUEL?	Energy value Availability Cost Ease of use Pollution Toxicity Ease of storage
THE ATMOSPHERE	Air today: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gases The levels of gas in the atmosphere are maintained by respiration, combustion and photosynthesis.
HUMAN INFLUENCE ON THE ATMOSPHERE	Burning fossil fuels is increasing the amount of CO2 Deforestation means the amount of photosynthesis is reduced so less CO2 is removed Increase in world population
ALKANES AND ALKENES	When a hydrocarbon chain has only single covalent bonds, it is called an alkane. When a hydrocarbon chain has one or more double covalent bonds it's called alkene.
TEST FOR ALKENES	A test to tell between alkenes and alkanes is to add bromine water: Alkenes de-colourise bromine water Alkanes have no effect on bromine water (it stays orange)
POLYMERS: Polythene: Light, flexible - plastic bags, moulded containers Polystyrene: Light, poor conductor of heat - insulation Polyester: Waterproof, tough - clothing, bottles	DISPOSING OF POLYMERS: Landfill sites - plastics are non-biodegradable Burning polymers - Produces air pollution Recycling - Different types of plastic need to be recycled separately.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOOD ADDITIVES?	Antioxidants - stop food reacting with oxygen Food colours - improve appearance Flavour enhancers Emulsifiers - help mix oil and water (mayonnaise)
PROPERTIES OF PERFUME	A perfume must smell nice and must: evaporate easily not be toxic not irritate not dissolve in water not react with water
PAINT AND PIGMENTS	PIGMENT - A substance that gives paint its colour BINDING MEDIUM - an oil that sticks the pigment to the surface that its being painted onto SOLVENT - thins the thick binding medium and makes it easier to coat the surface
WHAT IS NYLON?	Nylon is lightweight, tough, waterproof and blocks UV light . But it doesn't let water vapour escape so it can be uncomfortable if you are hot.
WHAT IS GORE-TEX?	Gore-tex is a breathable material made from nylon. It is the same as nylon except it is treated with a material that allows sweat to escape whilst preventing rain from getting in.

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