Family Therapy 1 Midterm

Pregunta	Respuesta
Accommodation	elements of a system automatically adjust to coordinate their functioning
Attachment	The innate tendency to seek out closeness to caretakers in times of stress (Secure, Anxious, Avoidant)
Aversive Control	Using punishment and criticism to eliminate undesirable responses (used in dysfunctional families)
Behavior Exchange	A Behavioral Therapy technique where partners are asked to list three things they would like the other to do more often. While explicitly changing behaviors this way, they learn how to influence each other using positive reinforcement
Behavior Exchange Theory	Explanation of behavior in relationships as maintained by a ratio of costs and benefits
Boundaries	emotional and physical barriers that protect and enhance the integrity of individuals, subsystems, and families
Boundary Making	negotiating the boundaries between members of a relationship and between the relationship and the outside world
Circular Causality	the idea that actions are related through a series of recursive loops or repeating cycles
Circular Questioning	a method of interviewing developed by the Milan group in which questions are asked to highlight differences among family members
Coaching	The role of a therapist developed by Bowen, where one functions as a role model in their differentiation process and a facilitator in their family of origin exploration
Coalition	an alliance between two persons or social units against a third
Communications Theory	The study of relationships in terms of the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages
Complainants	De Shazer’s term for a relationship with a client who describes a complaint but is at present unwilling to work on solving it
Complementary Relationships	Based on differences that fit together, where qualities of one make up for lacks in the other
Compliments	used in Solution Focused Therapy to convey support and encouragement
Constructivism	A relavistic ploy that emphasized the subjective construction of reality. Implies that what we see in families may be based on as much on our preconceptions as on what’s actually going on
Contextual Therapy	Boszormenyi-Nagy’s model that includes relational ethics; The goal is to help families explore their legacies and determine how they can balance the ledge of obligation to the past, present, and future generations. Focuses on intergenerational loyalties, entitlements, and indebtedness
Contingency Contracting	A behavior therapy technique whereby agreements are made between family members to exchange rewards for desired behavior
Contingency Management	Shaping behavior by giving and taking away rewards
Coping Questions	Used in Solution Focused Therapy to help clients realize that they have been managing difficult circumstances
Countertransference	Emotional reactivity on the part of the therapist
Customers	De Shazer’s term for a client who not only complains about a problem but is motivated to solve it
Cybernetics	The science of feedback; how information, especially pos/neg feedback loops, can help self-regulate a system
Deconstruction	A postmodern approach to exploring meaning by taking apart and examining taken-for-granted categories and assumptions, making possible newer and sounder constructions of meaning
Detouring	When focus is diverted onto something or someone else to avoid conflict (scapegoating a child)
Detriangulation	The process by which individuals remove themselves from the emotional field of two others
Differentiation of Self	Bowen’s term for psychological separation of intellect and emotions and independence of self from others: opposite of fusion. The capacity to think and reflect, to not respond automatically to emotional pressures. It's the ability to be flexible, act wisely, even in the face of anxiety
Diffuse Boundary	When boundaries between subsystems are extremely permeable resulting in dependency and high emotional reactivity among family members (enmeshment)
Disengagement	A psychological isolation that results from overly rigid boundaries around individuals and subsystems
Double-bind	A conflict created when a person receives contradictory messages on different levels of abstraction in an important relationship and cannot leave or comment
Dyadic Model	Explanations based on the interactions between two persons or objects; Johnny shoplifts to get his mom’s attention
Emotional Cutoff	Bowen’s term for flight from an unresolved emotional attachment. Describes how some people manage anxiety in relationships. The greater the fusion between parents and children, the greater the likelihood of a cutoff
Emotional Reactivity	The tendency to respond in a knee-jerk emotional fashion, rather than calmly and objectively
Empathy	Understanding someone else’s beliefs and feelings
Enactments	An interaction simulated in Structural FT in order for the therapist to observe and then change transactions that make up family structure
Enmeshed	Loss of autonomy due to blurring of psychological boundaries; high emotional reactivity between family members
Entitlements	Bszormenyi-Nagy’s term for the amount of merit a person accrues for behaving in an ethical manner toward others
Equifinality	The ability of complex systems to reach a given final goal in a variety of different ways
Exceptions	De Shazer’s term for times when clients are temporarily free of their problems. Solution Focused Therapy focuses on exceptions to help clients build on successful problem-solving skills
Extended Family	The network of kin relationships across several generations
Externalization	Michael White’s technique of personifying problems as external to persons (Narrative)
Family Drawing	an experiential therapy technique in which family members are asked to draw their ideas about how the family is organized
Family Homeostasis	Tendency of families to resist change in order to maintain a steady state.
Family Life Cycle	Stages of family life from separation from one’s parents to marriage, having children, growing older, retirement, and death
Family Myths	A set of beliefs based on a distortion of historical reality and shared by all family members that help shape the rules governing family functioning
Family of Origin	A person’s parents and siblings; usually refers to the original nuclear family of an adult
Family Projection Process	In Bowenian theory, the mechanism by which parental conflicts are projected on the child or spouse
Family Rules	Redundant behavioral patterns. Everyone follows the rules but nobody knows the rules.
Family Sculpting	A nonverbal experiential technique in which family members position themselves in a tableau that reveals significant aspects of their perceptions and feelings
Family Structure	The functional organization of families that determines how family members interact
Feedback Loop	The return of a portion of the output of a system, especially when used to maintain the output within predetermined limits (neg feedback) or to signal the need to modify the system (pos feedback
First Order Change	Temporary or superficial changes within a system that do not alter the basic organization of the system itself
Fixation	Partial arrest of attachment or mode of behavior from an early stage of development
Fusion	A blurring of psychological boundaries between self and others and a contamination of emotional and intellectual functioning. Opposite of differentiation. The excess of emotional reactivity in families.
General Systems Theory	A biological model of living systems as whole entities that maintain themselves through continuous input and output from the environment; developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy.
Genogram	- A schematic diagram (used by Bowen) of the family system of at least 3 generations, using squares to represent males, circles to indicate females, horizontal lines for marriages, and vertical lines to indicate children. This provides the therapist with a structural map of the family that shows recurring patterns and critical events.
Goal Setting	A main focus in Solution Focused Therapy where clients are encouraged to state clearly and concisely, a goal they would like to achieve by the end of therapy. Clients are instructed to choose attainable and concrete goals.
Group Dynamics	Interactions among group members that emerge as a result of properties of the group rather than merely their individual personalities
Hermeneutics	The art of analyzing literary texts or human experience, understood as fundamentally ambiguous, by interpreting levels of meaning
Hierarchal Structure	family functioning based on clear generational boundaries, where the parents maintain control and authority
Homeostasis	A balanced steady state of equilibrium
I-Positions	A concept which refers to the ability of a family member to take a position based on their own thinking and self-identity and to maintain it in the face of emotional pressure
Idealization	A tendency to exaggerate the virtues of someone, part of the normal developmental process in children’s relationships to their parents and in intimate partnerships
Identification	From psychoanalytic theory, not merely imitation, but appropriation of traits of an admired other
Identified Patients	The symptom-bearer or official patient as identified by the family
Intensity	Minuchin’s term for changing maladaptive transactions by using strong affect, repeated intervention, or prolonged pressure
Internal Objects	Mental images and fantasies of oneself and others, formed by early interactions with caregivers
Invisible Loyalties	Boszormenyi-Nagy’s term for unconscious commitments that children take on to help their families
Joining	A structural family therapy term for accepting and accommodating to families to win their confidence and circumvent resistance
Linear Causality	The idea that one event is the cause and another is the effect; in behavior, the idea that one behaviors is a stimulus and the other is a response
Managed Care	A system in which third-party companies manage insurance costs by regulating the terms of treatment. Managed care companies select providers, set fees, and control who receives treatment and how many sessions they are entitled to
Marital Schism	Lidz's term for pathological marriage in which one spouse dominates the other
Marital Skew	Lidz’s term for pathological overt marital conflict
Metacommunication	Every message has two levels: report and command; metacommunication is the implied command or qualified message. Communicating about communicating
Miracle Question	Asking clients to imagine how things would be if they woke up tomorrow and their problem was solved. Solution Focused therapists use the miracle question to help clients identify goals and potential solutions
Mirroring	Expression of understanding and acceptance of another’s feelings
Modeling	Observational Learning
Monadic Model	Explanations based on properties of a single person or object; Johnny shoplifts because he is rebellious
Morphogenesis	The process by which a system changes its structure to adapt to new contexts. Family systems change when necessary to adapt to new circumstances
Multiple Group Therapy	Treatment of several families at once in a group therapy format; pioneered by Peter Laquer and Murray Bowen.
Multiple Impact Theory	An intensive, crisis-oriented form of family therapy developed by Robert MacGregor in which family members are treated in various subgroups by a team of therapists
Mystification	Laing's concept that many families distort their children's experience by denying or relabeling it
Negative Feedback	Information that signals a system to correct a deviation and restore that status quo. Indicates that a system is straying off the mark and that corrections are needed to get it back on course. It signals the system to restore the status quo. Thus, negative feedback is not such a negative thing. Its error-correcting information gives order and self-control to automatic machines, to the body, to the brain, and to people in their daily lives
Network Therapy	A treatment devised by Ross Speck in which a large number of family and friends are assembled to help resolve a patient's problems.
Nuclear Family	Parents and their children
Object Relations	Internalized images of self and others based on early parent-child interactions that determine a person's mode of relationship to other people.
Operant Conditioning	A form of learning whereby a person or animals is rewarded for performing certain behaviors; the major approach in most forms of behavior therapy
Ordeals	A type of paradoxical intervention in which the client is directed to do something that is more of a hardship than the symptom
Paradoxes	A self-contradictory statement based on a valid deduction from acceptable premises
Paradoxical Injunction	A technique used in strategic therapy whereby the therapist directs family members to continue their symptomatic behavior. If they conform, they admit control and expose secondary gain; if they rebel, they give up their symptoms
Positive Connotation	Palazzoli’s technique of ascribing positive motives to family behavior in order to promote cohesion and avoid resistance
Positive Feedback	Information that confirms and reinforces the direction a system is taking.
Postmodernism	Contemporary antipositivism, viewing knowledge as relative and context-dependent, questions assumptions of objectivity that characterizes modern science. In FT, challenging the idea of scientific certainty and linked to the method of deconstruction. This theoretical movement takes aspects such as gender, ethnicity, and the impact of larger systems, such as economic or political forces and their effects on the family. The postmodern approach blends many different theories and ideas together.
Premack Principles	Using high-probability behavior (preferred activities) to reinforce low probability behavior (nonpreferred activities)
Pretend Techniques	Madanes’ playful paradoxical technique in which family members are asked to pretend to engage in symptomatic behavior. The paradox is if they are pretending to have a symptom, it cannot be real
Problem Saturated Stories	The usual pessimistic and blaming accounts that clients bring to therapy, which are seen as helping keep them stuck.
Process Questions	Bowen: Questions designed to explore what's going on inside people and between them: "When your boyfriend neglects you, how do you react?" "When your daughter goes on dates, what do you worry about? Each family member is asked a series of questions aimed at toning down emotion and fostering objective reflection. These questions are also used to help neutralize triangles, including potential triangles. PQ are aimed at calming anxiety and gaining access to information on how the family perceives the problem and how the mechanisms driving the problem operate.
Process/Content	How members of a family or group relate vs. what families talk about
Projective Identification	A defense mechanism that operates unconsciously, whereby unwanted aspects of the self are attributed to another person and that person is induced to behave in accordance with these projected attitudes and feelings
Pseudohostility	Wynne's term for superficial bickering that masks pathological alignments in schizophrenic families
Pseudomutuality	Wynne's term for the facade of family harmony that characterizes many schizophrenic families.
Quid Pro Quo	Literally “something for something.” An equal exchange or substitution
Reconstruction	Reweaving narrative accounts into more palatable and coherent histories
Reflecting Team	Tom Anderson’s technique of having the observing team share their reactions with the family following a session
Reframing	Relabeling a family’s description of behavior to make it more amenable to therapeutic change; for example, describing someone as “lazy” rather than “depressed”
Regression	Return to a less-mature level of functioning in the face of stress
Reinforcement	An event, behavior, or object that increase the rate of a particular response. A positive reinforce is an event whose contingent presentation increase the rate of responding; a negative reinforcer is an event whose contingent withdrawal increase the rate of responding
Reinforcement Reciprocity	Exchanging rewarding behaviors between family members
Relative Influence Questions	Questions designed to explore the extent to which the problem has dominated the client vs. how much he or she has been able to control it
Report & Command	- Every message has stated content, but in addition, the message carried how it is to be understood.
Rigid Boundary	a term or description of a boundary established within the structural family therapy framework, this type of boundary is restrictive and permits little contact with outside subsystems, which over time results in disengagement. This boundary usually has little exchange between members
Rituals	strategic therapy concept, rituals are a set of prescribed actions that are designed to help change a family system’s rules
Role rehearsal	role-playing desired ways or interactions of behavior, especially within couples therapy. Practicing desired methods of communication, interaction and behavior – a safe place or intervention used to teach alternative ways of effective interaction, the end goal is teaching these new methods to replace dysfunctional ones.
Role-playing	this is a technique used in therapy that requires or asks the participants to act out the parts of important characters to dramatize the feelings experienced around the portrayed event/problem. This technique is used to provide a new way of relating, and can be modified to aid the family in altering behavioral patterns
Rubber Fence	Wynne's term for the rigid boundary surrounding many schizophrenic families, which allows only minimal contact with the surrounding community.
Scaling Questions	from the solution-focused framework, clients are asked to rate on a 10-point scale how much they want to resolve their problems, how bad the problem is currently and throughout the therapeutic process how better the issues are than the last time, and so forth. These questions are designed to help break change up into a smaller number of steps
Scapegoat	A member of the family, usually the identified patient, who is the object of displaced conflict or criticism.
Schemas	these are underlying core beliefs that individuals possess, create, and develop about the world and how it functions. These core beliefs shape the way we form relationships, they help influence our perceptions and expectations just about everything.
Schizophrenic Mother	Phrase created by Frieda Fromm-Reichmann. Aggressive, domineering mothers thought to precipitate schizophrenia in their offspring
Second Order Change	A change in the system itself
Second Order Cybernetics	The idea that anyone attempting to observe and change a system is therefore part of that system
Self Actualization	Carl Rogers: Each of us, according to Rogers, is born with an innate tendency toward self actualization. Left to our own devices, we tend to follow our own best interests. We have a craving for approval.
Self Psychology	Heinz Kohut’s version of psychoanalysis that emphasizes the need for attachment and appreciation. Based on the belief that human beings want to be appreciated – if we receive this appreciation from our parents we then internalize that throughout development and internalize it in the form of self-confidence.
Self Objects	Heinz Kohut’s term for a person related to not as a separate individual, but as an extension of the self rather than sex and aggression → in English it means that as children we see certain people (parents, grandparents, older siblings, etc.) as parts of ourselves – they are not considered separate individuals.. and they see them as a part of their individualness. Ex: a mother expresses and transmits her love through touch, affection and gentleness as if a reflection of the child’s feelings
Shaping	part of the cognitive-behavioral framework, the process of reinforcing change in a series of small steps.
Shaping Competence	a technique used within the Structural Family therapy framework. This is used to help modify interactions, the therapist uses intensity to block a stream of interactions, or altering the direction of the flow of interactions. The therapist helps reinforce positive interactions or behaviors within the family, they also help the family use/find functional alternatives that are already in use within their established dynamic → pointing out what they’re already doing right and encouraging them to do more of it!
Sibling Position	a theoretical concept within the Bowen Family Therapy framework that argues that sibling birth order comes to shape the personality development of each child, as well as their role within the family context. The birth order then comes to influence the family dynamics and contexts that are not only shared but how they are actually perceived depending on this sibling position.
Social Constructionism	like constructivism, challenges the notion of an objective basis for knowledge. The idea that our knowledge and meanings are shaped by culturally shared assumptions – therefore these shared assumptions then come to impact our schemas, behaviors, perceptions, expectations and beliefs about the world and how it functions and then its relation to our lives and that of our families.
Splitting	a concept within the psychoanalytic family therapy model. Freud developed the concept of the ego. Developed by Fairbairn he goes on to describe splitting which was seen as a defense mechanism of the ego, when the ego splits he defined it as a lifelong coexistence of two contradictory positions that do not influence each other.
Structural Map	an intervention and process utilized within structural family therapy, the mapping technique is used and started when assessing new families or couples. The therapist speaks with and works with the family to map out the structure within the family system – this part of the assessment takes into account both the presenting problem the family brings to therapy and the structural dynamics the family comes to display. It includes all the family members, and represents the boundaries within each other them.
Subsystems	Smaller units in families, determined by generation, sex, or function
Symbiosis	Emotional sensitivity between patients and their mothers (some looked at this as a mutation).
Symmetrical Relationships	In relationships, equality or parallel form. More harmful than complimentary relationships
Systematic Desensitization	a therapeutic process that deconditions anxiety through reciprocal inhibition by pairing responses incompatible with anxiety to previously anxiety-arousing stimuli. Example, a women who is afraid of spiders would be taught deep muscle relaxation, then imagine spiders on her hand while practicing the deep relaxation. Gradually the image would work up from one spider to several, then to her arm, maybe her face until the client would eventually work to a real spider in her hand.
Systems Theory	a generic term for studying a group of related elements that interact as a whole entity; encompasses general systems theory and cybernetics
Theory of Social Exchange	a therapeutic formulation in Cognitive-Behavioral therapy derived out of behaviorism, Thibaut and Kelley’s theory according to which people strive to maximize their rewards while minimizing costs within any relationship.
Time Out	a punishment where children are made to sit in a corner or are sent to their rooms, this helps shape unwanted behaviors into desirable ones, this technique is a way of slowly enforcing and creating change, utilizing the punishment when the undesired behaviors are used purposefully or not, time-outs help diminish influence.
Token Economies	a system of rewards using points, which can be accumulated and exchanged for reinforcing items or behaviors – a therapeutic technique within the cognitive-behavioral framework, an example would be utilizing this technique with children, rewarding them for desired behaviors and of course withholding a token when undesired behaviors prevail.
Transference	distorted emotional reactions to present relationships based on unresolved, early family reactions – typically felt by a therapist within a therapy session when working with families or clients.
Triadic Model	explanations based on the interactions among three people or objects, these types of models provide a more complete understanding of behavior within any one context or family. Ex: Johnny shoplifts because his father covertly encourages him to defy his mother
Triangle	Three person system; according to Bowen, the smallest stable unit of human relations. What drives triangles is anxiety.
Unbalancing	A technique in Structural Family Therapy where the therapist interferes with a dysfunctional interaction by adding more force or emphasis to a certain behavior or role. The goal is to interfere with equilibrium that maintains the problem.
Undifferentiated Ego Mass	Bowen's early term for emotional "stuck-togetherness" or fusion in the family, especially prominent in schizophrenic families
Unique Outcomes/Sparkling Events	Michael White’s term for times when clients acted free of their problems, even if they were unaware of doing so. Narrative therapists identify unique outcomes as a way to help their clients challenge negative views of themselves, helping those identifying ways in which they surpassed their negative behavior, or perceptions
Visitor	a term within solution-focused therapy, De Shazer’s term for a client who does not wish to be part of therapy, does not have a complaint and does not wish to work on anything. These people are usually in therapy due to someone else’s insistence such as judges, parents, or other family members.

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