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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| Phonetics | The sounds themselves. |
| Phonology | Study of sounds and sound systems in a language. |
| Lexicology | The study of the vocabulary in a language. |
| Morphology | Forms that words take to provide meaning. |
| Syntax | The arrangement of words |
| Semantics | The meaning of language. |
| Discourse | Conversation or text. |
| Phoneme | Smallest unit of sound in a language. |
| Diphthong | Compound vowels Glide from one vowel to another First part stronger than the second. |
| Minimal pair | Pairs of words identical other than one phoneme. |
| Assimilation | Two phonemes that occur together changing the way neighboring sounds are pronounced. |
| Elision | Complete emission of a sound. |
| Insertion | Addition of sounds where they don't usually exist. |
| Liaison | Changes of pronunciation at boundary points. |
| Prosodic Features | Features of speech apart from words (how things are said) |
| Intonation | Variation in sound quality, changes in tone: level or moving (rising/falling) |
| Stress | Emphasis placed on a particular syllable or word. |
| Pitch | High or low pitch, similar to intonation. |
| Volume | Level of sound in voice. |
| Tempo | Also known as pace, the speed at which something is said. |
| Stem | The core of the word, can stand by themselves. |
| Affix | A morpheme that adds meaning when added to a stem (prefix, suffix) |
| Prefix Suffix | An affix which precedes the stem. An affix which follows the stem. |
| Inflectional morphemes | Give grammatical information |
| Derivational morpheme | Changes the class of an existing word. |
| Lexicon | A person's personal vocabulary. |
| Main clause | Can stand on their own as a sentence. |
| Simple Sentence | Formed from a single main clause. |
| Compound Sentence | Made up of two or more simple sentences, joined by a conjunction or separated by a comma, semicolon or colon. |
| Complex Sentences | Made up of a main clause with one or more subordinate clauses. |
| Ellipsis | Omission of words from a sentence, either because they appear elsewhere or due to context. |
| Declarative | Statements or sentences that state facts. |
| Imperative | Commands or sentences that give orders or requests. |
| Exclamative | Sentences that express a strong feeling or emotion. |
| Interrogative | Questions or sentences that ask for an answer. |
| Noun Phrase | Usually begins with a determiner and has a noun as the most important word. |
| Adjective Phrase | Has an adjective as the main word. |
| Verb Phrase | Lexical verb as main verb, one lexical verb or one or more auxiliary and a lexical verb. |
| Prepositional Phrase | Preposition as the main word, normally followed by a noun phrase. |
| Adverb Phrase | Adverb as its main word. |
| Open Class Words | Content words which carry the meaning. |
| Closed Class Words | Function words, function to connect the content words. |
| Denotative Connotative | Literal Meanings of a word. Implied meaning based on context. |
| Mode | Ways in which we communicate. |
| Form | Structure of a text, format of a text. |
| Context | Factors that can influence the language used in a certain situation. |
| Audience | The people who are going to receive your message., direct or indirect. |
| Function | Reason for communication; Persuade, inform, instruct, entertain. |
| Register | The language appropriate to a specific situation, occupation or subject matter. |
| Contraction | was not = wasn't |
| Reduction | and = an' |
| Colloquial Language | e.g. slang |
| Commonisation | A name loses the capital letter and becomes a household word. |
| Acronyms Abbreviations/Intialisms | Words formed from the initials of other words. Initials themselves which do not create new words. |
| Compounding | Combination of two or more free morphemes. Created word has similar meaning. |
| Affixation | Similar to compounding, except involving bound morphemes unable to stand alone. |
| Blends (Portmanteau words) | Originate from the contraction and combination of two or more existing words. Incorporates meaningful characteristics of both. |
| Conversion | Words are converted from one word class to another. |
| Shortenings | Truncated versions of longer words. |
| Backformation | A word is sometimes used to fill an apparent vacancy on the basis of existing words. |
| Borrowings | Addition of words through drawing on other languages. |
| Broadening | Expansion of the contexts a word appears in. |
| Narrowing | When a word comes to mean only a part of what it originally meant. |
| Elevation Deterioration | Unpleasant connotations cease to exist. A negative overtone is taken on. |
| Etymology | The study of the history of words and the development of their meaning. |
| Prescriptivism | Approach which tells us the appropriate way to speak. A list of do's and don'ts. |
| Descriptivism | Based on the observation of language in use. Focuses on what is appropriate in a given context. |
| Codification | The process of standardising a language, where a norm is developed. |
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