Reasearch Methods

Pregunta	Respuesta
Structuralism	(W. Wundt) the focus was on the contents of mental processes rather than their function. Mind built from elements. Introspection as a method.
Functionalism	(W. James) Focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.
British Psychological Society	1901
American Psychological Association	1892
Psychoanalysis	(Sigmund and Ana Freud) focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious structures, as well as early childhood experiences.
Behaviourism	(Pavlov, Watson, Skinner) observing and controlling behaviour came to be known
Gestalt Psychology	(Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler) deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.
Genetic Epistemology	(Piaget) origin of children knowledge
Humanistic/Positive Psycho	(Maslow, Rogers) emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Cognitive Revolution	mind processes that affect behaviour
Biological revolution	link between brain and behaviour
Eugenics	practice or advocacy of improving the human species by selectively mating people with specific desirable hereditary traits
Psychometrics	psychological measurement
experimental research	study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design
correlational research	non-experimental research method which studies the relationship between two variables with the help of statistical analysis
Null Hypothesis	N0 no effect
alternative hypothesis	H1 effect
Falsifiable Hypothesis	K. Popper. If it's possible to conceive of an experimental observation that disproves the idea
Directional Hypothesis	Yes or no. One tailed
Non-directional hypothesis	Yes, and how? two-tailed
Observational Study	where researchers observe the effect of a risk factor, diagnostic test, treatment or other intervention without trying to change who is or isn't exposed to it
Dependent variable	variable being tested
Independent Variable	variable being manipulated
control group	composed of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment
correlation	relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
cross-sectional research	compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
reliability	consistency and reproducibility of a given result
validity	accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
confounding variable	unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
Reliability	consistency and reproducibility of a given result
Hawthorne Effect	participants do what they think they are supposed to
placebo effect	people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
Within-subjects design	type of experimental design in which all participants are exposed to every treatment or condition
Between-subject design	study design: different people test each condition so that each person is only exposed to a single user interface
Familywise error	the probability of making at least one Type I Error
P-value	The probability of observing a particular outcome in a sample, or more extreme, under a conjecture about the larger population or process.
Statistical significance	A result is statistically significant if it is unlikely to arise by chance alone.
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)	method of statistical inference by which an experimental factor is tested against a hypothesis of no effect or no relationship based on a given observation
File drawer problem	Positive-results bias, a type of publication bias, occurs when authors are more likely to submit, or editors are more likely to accept, positive results than negative or inconclusive results.
HARKing	Hypothesis after results known
P-hacking	rounding off p-value
Non-sequitor fallacy	the conclusion does not follow from the premises
Red herring fallacy	logical fallacy where someone presents irrelevant information in an attempt to distract others from a topic that's being discussed
Straw man fallacy	when someone takes another person's argument or point, distorts it or exaggerates it in some kind of extreme way, and then attacks the extreme distortion as if that is really the claim the first person is making.
slippery slope fallacy	the argument in which a party asserts that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant (usually negative) effect

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	Creado por Nayet 123123 hace alrededor de 3 años