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| Unit Two - Module 12 The Brain: The Cerebral Cortex | The Cerebral Cortex |
| cerebrum | The largest part of the brain, forming most of the forebrain. It consists of two cerebral hemispheres bridged by the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere is divided into four main lobes. |
| corpus callosum | A large tract of nerve fibres running across the longitudinal fissure of the brain and connecting the cerebral hemispheres. It is the principal connection between the two sides of the brain. |
| cerebral cortex | The layer of grey matter that covers the outside of the cerebral hemispheres in the brain and is associated with higher cognitive functions, such as language, learning, perception, and planning. |
| frontal lobe | One of the four main lobes of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain, lying in front of the central sulcus. It is concerned with motor and higher order executive functions. |
| parietal lobe | One of the four main lobes of each cerebral hemisphere, lying behind the frontal lobe. Parts of the parietal lobe participate in somatosensory activities, such as the discrimination of size, shape, and texture of objects; awareness of sensation such as touch, pain, and temperature, and spatial awareness of the body. |
| temporal lobe | One of the four main lobes of each cerebral hemisphere, lying to the side and below the frontal and parietal lobes. Parts of the temporal lobe are responsible for auditory activities while other areas are involved in language and in smell. |
| occipital lobe | One of the four main lobes of each cerebral hemisphere, lying to the back of the cerebral cortex. Primarily responsible for receiving and processing visual stimuli. |
| prefrontal cortex | The most anterior (forward) part of the cerebral cortex of each frontal lobe in the brain. It functions in attention, planning, working memory, and the expression of emotions and appropriate social behaviours; its development in humans parallels improvement in cognitive control and behavioural inhibition as an individual grows into adulthood. |
| executive functions | Higher level cognitive processes of planning, decision making, problem solving, organization, and inhibition of competing impulses, among others. Associated with neural networks that include the frontal lobe, particularly the prefrontal cortex. |
| motor cortex | The region of the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for the control of voluntary movement. It is divided into two parts. The primary motor cortex responsible for voluntary muscle movement and the motor association cortex responsible for planning upcoming movements and learning new movements. |
| somatosensory cortex | The region of the parietal lobe of the brain responsible for somatic sensation. It is divided into two parts. The primary somatosensory cortex is responsible for awareness of sensation. The somatosensory association cortex is responsible for recognizing, analyzing, and memory of sensations. |
| auditory cortex | The region of the temporal lobe of the brain responsible for auditory stimuli. It is divided into two parts. The primary auditory cortex is responsible for the awareness of auditory stimuli and the auditory association cortex which is responsible for recognizing, analyzing, and memory of sounds. |
| visual cortex | The region of the occipital lobe of the brain responsible for visual stimuli. It is divided into two parts. The primary visual cortex is responsible for awareness of visual stimuli and the visual association cortex which is responsible for recognizing, analyzing, and memory of visual stimuli. |
| association areas | Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involve in primary motor or sensory functions. They are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. |
| Paul Broca | French physician who is most famous for his discovery of the speech production centre of the brain located in the frontal lobes (now known as the Broca's area). |
| Broca's area | A region of the frontal lobe that is associated with the production of speech. It is located on the left hemisphere of right-handed and of most left-handed individuals. [discovered in the 1860s and studied and researched by Paul Broca]. |
| Broca's aphasia | Broca's aphasia is a type of aphasia characterized by a lack of fluency of speech, usually with preserved language comprehension. |
| Carl Wernicke | A German physician whose work led to our understanding of the areas of the brain responsible for the understanding and production of meaningful speech. |
| Wernicke's Area | a region toward the back of the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere of the cerebrum containing nerve tissue associated with the language comprehension and expression. |
| Wernicke's aphasia | Wernicke's aphasia causes difficulty speaking in coherent sentences or understanding others' speech. Wernicke's aphasia is the most common type of fluent aphasia. |
| neuroplasticity | The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. |
| neurogenesis | The formation of new neurons. |
| cognitive neural prosthetics | Cognitive neural prosthetics record activity related to higher level cognitive processes that organize behaviour. Recordings of neural activity are used to decode the state of the subject, their goals and the expected value they place on those goals. Decoding these and other cognitive processes directly means patients can have new ways to control their prosthetic device and their control can be more flexible. |
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