Chapter 1-5 : Key Terms

Pregunta	Respuesta
sociological imagination	capacity to shift one perspective to another (personal trouble&societal issues) *C. Wright Mills
structural functionalism	examines systems as "separate parts" (like human body) *Emilie Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Mearton
social facts	well established patterns of behaviour that are independent of individuals that make society BUT influence it / way people act
sociological theory	1. applicability 2. important issue 3. stood the test of time
conflict theory	complex societies are made up of groups in conflict, with 1+ group dominating/oppressing the other ~ conflict, class, contestation, change *Karl Marx, Georg Simmel, Lewis A. Croser
symbolic interactionism	looks at meaning of daily social interactions *Max Weber, George H. Mead, Herbert Blumer, Erving Hoffman
feminist theory	*Mary Wollstonecraft, Hariet Martineau, Dorothy Smith
postmodernism theory	concerned with recognizing there are many voices & they shouldn't be "drowned out" by a powerful voice(s)
professional sociology	generate specific info to apply to situation academic crowd
critical sociology	conscious of sociology, don't loose sight of issues academic audience
policy sociology	generate data to be used in dev't of social policy for gov/corps - very political -
public sociology	easy/simplified for the masses
povitism	methods of natural science studies would work in social science (outsider = key, objective) *August Comte
quantitive research	social elements that can be measured or counted ex: surveys & experiments
qualitative research	close examination of characteristics that can't be measured or counted ex: ethnography, institutional ethnography, case-study, narratives
ethnography	direct observation & extended field research
correlation	when two variables are associated more frequently than could be expected by chance
causation	change in one variable causes change of another
spurious reasoning	sees correlation and falsely assumes causation
simulacra	stereotypical cultural images (re)produced through media, etc. *Jean Baudrillad
1. folkways 2. mores 3. taboos	1. norms governing day-to-day matters (ex: etiquette) 2. must not break (ex: laws) 3. norms that are ingrained in us that it's disgusting and wrong (ex: incest)
cultural relatism	approach to studying context of an aspect of another culture
1. sociolinguistics 2. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis	1. study of language as apart of culture 2. relationship between language & culture (words&meanings are culture specific)
dominant culture	culture of "majority" - imposes values, language, beliefs, and saviours on society
subordinate culture	feels power of dominant culture and exist in opposition of it
subculture	deviates from main stream society BUT doesn't oppose dominant culture ex: Hutterites
counterculture	reject selected element of dominant culture ex: hippies
high culture	culture of elite, requires specific cultural capital
pop culture	culture of majority
mass culture	created by those in power for masses (directed towards consumers)
primary socialization	earliest socialization child receives
secondary socialization	socialization that occurs later in a child's life
determinism	degree individual behaviour, attitude & personal characteristics are determined / caused by specific factor
biological determinism	greater part of what/who we are determined by our genes nature over nurture
social determinism AKA behaviourism	emphasizes power of learning in dev't of behaviour nurture over nature
law of effect	1. do good > rewarded > greater chance you do it again 2. do bad > punished > lesser chance you do it again *Edward Thorndike
Sigmund Frued' 3 parts of mind	1. ID (instinct) 2. Superego (social conscious) 3. Ego (mediates 1 & 2)
4 Main Agents of Socialization	family, peer group, education system & mass media
resocialization	process of unlearning old ways & learning new ways of different social environment can be voluntary or involuntary

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