S&S Exam Study Notes

Pregunta	Respuesta
Indeginous Peoples World Views: Religion	Spirituality was discovered through the life of a First Nations person. Each person through the course of their life was challenged to find his/her/its path.
European Peoples World Views: Religion	In the 16th century religious belifes played a prominent role in the lives of Europeans, France's main religion was French Catholic church.
Indeginous Peoples World Views: Land	There were no land owners with the Indeginous peoples, according to the First Nations people "Mother Earth can not be owned or given away."
European Peoples World Views: Land	In Europe, land was a measure of wealth and power. The goal of countries and individuals was to claim and control as much territory as possible. When European explorers reached new areas, they typically planted their nation’s flag in the ground and claimed all they saw for their home country.
Indeginous Peoples World Views: Social Sturcture	In First Nations groups, many people played a role in the decisions that affected their communities. Leaders often negotiated a consensus as a way of making decisions.
European Peoples World Views: Social Structure	Europe had a hierarchical class structure, which means some people in society were seen as more important than other people. In hierarchies, individuals from higher status. Groups can often control the actions of those from lower-status groups.
Indeginous Peoples World Views: Econominc Differences	In traditional First Nations communities, people lived as others in their community. When times were good, everyone thrived. When times were hard, all suffered.
European Peoples World Views: Economic Differences	Some Europeans lived in great luxury, while the vast majority barely survived. Those lower in the social hierarchy had few supports. For example, people who got sick or lost their jobs had to depend on family or their church to help them. Those high in the social hierarchy sometimes saw the suffering of those below them as proof of their inferiority.
Who Was Christopher Columbus (Spain)	“In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue” Columbus thought he discovered a route to India; hence, he named the aboriginal people ‘Indians.’ Columbus actually landed in the Caribbean, Discovery still made Spain rich whom which lead to the conquest of the Aztecs, took huge quantities of gold.
Who Was John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto (Italy/England))	In 1497 Cabot sailed for England Made 1.5 voyages to the New World Looking for passage to Far East. Instead he found cod, lots and lots of cod, so much cod that if you put and empty barrel into the sea and brought it back up it would be full of cod. Cabot named and claimed New Found Land. Discovery led to many fishermen coming to North America
Who Was Jacques Cartier (France)	Cartier made three voyages for France in 1534, 1535, and 1541. He named and claimed areas of New France, explored the St. Lawrence River.
Who Was Samuel du Champlain (France)	Champlain first came to New France in 1603, his first of 23 voyages. Champlain increased interest in North America. Fur trade went from “part time” extra to full time big dollar venture for fashion. Champlain had came as a map maker for Pierre du Gua de Monts in 1604
More Insight On The Fur Trade	Champlain’s first boss Pierre du Gua de Monts had given amonopoly on North American furs. In exchange for the monopoly, De Monts promised to establish a permanent settlement bring over a certain number of settlers every year. Offering this monopoly was an advantage to the King of France, because it did not cost the king anything to expand empire
St. Croix and Port Royal	Champlain and de Monts tried to establish a settlement on Isle St. Croix in present day New Brunswick in 1604. They had received help from First Nations too. They had made many errors such as: Lacked fresh water and firewood Poor nutrition – men suffered from scurvy making many people die. They moved across the Bay of Fundy to present day Nova Scotia the name was Port Royal where they did much better, but life was lonely/boring. “The Order of Good Cheer” had established good trade relations with local Mi’kmaq. The King took away de Mont’s monopoly because other merchants wanted access to the market.
Quebec City In 1608	Permanent settlement was established on the former site of Stadacona. It had easy access to the St. Lawrence, it was fertile, with lots of surrounding farm land. The focus was to increase population of the settlement.
Coureurs de bois	The Coureurs de Bois or "runners of the woods" were unlicensed fur traders who lived among the natives to expand fur trade and solidify trade alliances. Etienne Brulé was the original coureurs de bois. They learned their skills from Huron-Wendat, they learned: hunting, trapping, canoeing, winter survival, etc. They lived an adventurous, but harsh life. The church did not like them because they were a symbol of corrupt morals and free spiritedness. They Did not fit the ideal of a good settler – no roots, no commitment to church, too native Companies did not like them because they were too hard to control – entrepreneurs Created licensing scheme – voyageurs
The Comptetition Between The French vs English	Things heated up once the British smelled $$$ to be had in fur. Hudson’s Bay Company was granted Rupert’s Land in 1670. Ongoing violence between the two sides for almost 150 years.
The Good Impacts On New France From The Fur Trade	Partnership – received iron wares and goods Encouraged exploration of interior Source of wealth – created Canada’s beaver aristocracy Created a new culture through metissage or intermarriage - Métis
The Bad Impacts On New France From The Fur Trade	Spread and intensified Huron-Wendat/Iroquois conflict Changed the relationship of First Nations with nature – eroded values and created dependence Slowed down the settlement of New France – focus was profit, not colonists
What Happened When The Europeans Were Trying To Go To Asia	People thought the Earth was round and didn’t know that North America was there and they thought they could go straight to eastern Asia.
Why Did Explorations Happen When They Did	A variety of factors all came together to make the time period (1450-1700) the “age of exploration.” There motivation were Oppurtunity for technological advancements, and for the 3 G's.
The First G: Gold	Gold = wealth, not just gold – but there was plenty of gold to be had. Europe needed gold (and silver) to fuel the rising banking system, so more gold meant more power. The spices route to Far East (FE) controlled by Muslim and Italian traders Only source for silks, spices (nutmeg, pepper, cinnamon, andginger.) Huge mark-ups, huge profits possible (3000%)
The Second G: Glory	Individual kings wanted glory for their kingdoms, competition spread. With the rise of the printing press, the idea of gaining fame for one’s actions was more possible. Opportunity to improve one’s station in life to break out of your hierarchical class.
The Third And Final G: God	As members of a universalizing religion, Europeans had always seen spreading Christianity as a good thing. Especially after the Reformation, competition will spring up (Catholic vs. Protestant.) Colonization will become a race to convert native peoples to a particular brand of Christianity.
New Technology Gained	-Better ships (caravel – triangle sails) allowed faster, safer travel -Astrolabe (Muslim) allowed more accurate navigation (latitude) -Magnetic compass (China) allowed more accurate navigation (direction) -Bilge Pump (Europe) – allowed ships to sit higher in the water, increased safety
Push Factor - Population Boom	Black Death had devastated European population in 1350s (30 to 60% dead.) By the 1450s population coming back with a vengeance. More people needed more resources – food, wealth, and employment. Increasing population was a ‘push’ factor
Obstacles For New France's Success: Defence	Intendant Jean Talon realized that if the colony was to prosper, it had to be secure. It was difficult to defend a colony that had a small population living in a large region. Talon’s changes in land use helped solve this problem. The king had tried to secure the colony by sending French soldiers from France to North America. In 1665, 1200 soldiers and about 80 officers joined the colony of 3200 settlers. Talon went a step further. He offered land grants to a number of the officers to keep them in the colony after their military service was over. In exchange for helping their neighbours defend themselves, the former soldiers received farming advice.
Obstacles For New France's Success: Population	New France’s population was growing too slowly. Part of the problem was that the colony’s population was mainly young men. As a solution, Talon asked the French government to send single girls to New France. Talon wanted them to marry men in the colony. The girls would help the population grow by having babies. This would save the trouble and expense of importing settlers from France. Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the minister in the French government in charge of colonies, responded by offering young, healthy women free transportation to New France. In addition, the women received a dowry of one ox, one cow, two pigs, two chickens, and two barrels of salt pork. A dowry is property a woman brings to her marriage, usually provided by her father. Because the king’s treasury was providing their dowry, the girls became known as the filles du roi.
What Is Mercantilism	Mercantilism is an economic system designed for a country to make porfit by exporting more than it imports. Image: Screenshot+2022 11 08+8.46.11+Am (binary/octet-stream)

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