Piliavin et al. (1969)

Pregunta	Respuesta
aims	1. to study the bystander behaviour in a natural setting 2. to investigate the effect of 4 situational variables on helping behaviour
research method	field experiment
research design	independent groups design
IVs	1. type of victim 2. race of victim 3. behaviour of the 'model' 4. size of the group of bystanders
where did the study take place?	on the New York Subway on an underground service between Harlem and the Bronx on weekdays between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m.
levels of the behaviour of the model	1. stationed in the adjacent/critical area 2. latency of the model's help
areas in the train car	critical area & adjacent area
where was the victim placed?	the victim stood at a pole in the centre of the subway carriage
sample	opportunity sampling an estimated 4450 passengers were present during trials
mean number of passengers present per trial	a mean of 43 passengers were present in the subway carriage a mean of 8.5 passengers were present in the critical area
racial makeup of the passengers	45% were black & 55% were white
what did observer 1 record?	1. total number of passengers 2. race, sex & location of all passengers 3. total number of helpers 4. race, sex & location of all helpers
what did observer 2 record?	1. race, sex & location of all passengers 2. latency of 1st helper's arrival (after victim's collapse) 3. latency of 1st helper's arrival (after model's help) 4. comments made by passengers
victim's appearance	aged 25-36 years dressed in casual clothes: an Eisenhower jacket, old slacks, no tie
procedure: victim's collapse	after the 1st station (70 secs), victim staggered forward & collapsed lay in a supine condition, looking up
number of trials conducted per day	6-8 trials/day for the same victim type
why was this particular route chosen?	+ greater reaction time for passengers + closed environment ( similar to lab) + ensured that participants could not walk away from, ignore or rationalise the collapse of the victim
how long was the journey?	the journey was approximately 7.5 minutes long with no stops in between
total number of trials for the drunk condition	57 + 8 = 65 trials
total number of trials for the cane condition	24 + 14 = 38 trials
model's appearance	aged 24-29 years all white males also dressed casually
how did the model help?	raise the victim to the sitting position & remain with him until the train reached the next stop
levels of 'model behaviour'	critical/early & adjacent/early: waited 70 sec critical/late & adjacent/late: waited 150 secs no model
qualitative data	both observers/confederates recorded any comments made & also tried to elicit comments from the passengers
number of trials in which the drunk victim received help	19/38
number of trials in which the cane victim received help	62/65
results for spontaneous helping	80% of victims received spontaneous help spontaneous helping occurred earlier in the the cane trials
results for race of victime	victims equally likely to receive help + minor same-race helping in the drunk trials + black victims received less help overall in the drunk trials (67%)
results for effect of modelling	early model intervention (at 70 seconds) was more likely to elicit helping behaviour than later intervention ( at 150 seconds)
results for the size of groups of bystanders (diffusion of responsibility theory)	natural 7-person groups were faster to respond than predicted & faster to respond than the 3-person groups
what is diffusion of responsibility?	people in larger groups are less likely to help in an emergency due to a reduced sense of individual responsibility to those in need
cost-benefit model	witnessing an emergency increases arousal. people then weigh the consequence/benefit of helping. they may either become avoidant or may be prompted to intervene
results for comments	higher number of comments in trials without helping drunk trials saw more comments being made
DV	level of bystander helping
% of trials in which help was given: model trials	white cane: 100% white drunk: 77% black drunk: 67%
% of trilas in which help was given: no model trials	white cane: 100% white drunk: 100% black cane: 100% black drunk: 73%

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