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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| what is sleep | a behaviour |
| what is it vital for | memory, learning, health, wellbeing, normal functioning |
| when do we make up for lost sleep? | as soon as we can |
| where is sleep research conducted? | in a sleep lab? |
| what are the type of monitors used for sleep measurement? | EEG (electroencephalogram) EMG (electromyogram) EOG (electro-oculogram) |
| what do each of these measure? | brain activity, muscle activity, eye movement respectively |
| what are the two patterns of brain activity? | alpha & beta |
| describe the features of these two | alpha: regular & medium frequency waves, not aroused or excited beta: irregular & low frequency waves, actively processing info around us, alert & attentive |
| what is the Hertz range for each of these waves activities? | alpha: 8-12 beta: 13-30 |
| what are psychologically descriptie words for alpha & beta waves on EEGs? | alpha = sleeping beta = alert |
| what defines stage 1 sleep? | transition from wakefulness to sleep, where we feel drowsy & neurons in neocortex become synchronised |
| what is the theta activity and duration of sleep stage 1? | 3.5-7.5Hz and 10mins |
| what characterises sleep stage 2? | we see irregular EEG waves, and theta activity is same as stage 1 |
| what are the extra waves we see? specific to stage 2? | sleep spindles & k-complexes |
| define these | sleep spindles: short bursts of 12-14Hz waves occurring 2-5times a minute K-complexes: sudden sharp waveforms usually found in stage 2 |
| what are sleep spindles & k-complexes associated with? | sleep spindles = high intelligence test scores K-complexes = consolidation of memories |
| what are sleep stages 3 & 4 known as? | slow wave sleep |
| what wave activity do we see and what are the Hz? | high amplitude delta waves lower than 3.5Hz Slow wave oscillations are less than 1Hz |
| how do we distinguish between the two stages? | stage 3: 30-50% delta activity stage 4: more than 50% delta activity |
| what stats are the slow wave oscillations in sometimes & what do they mean? | up & down down: inhibition of neural activity in neocortex (rest) up: excitation of neural activity in neocortex |
| what is REM sleep & its features? | rapid irregular desynchronised EEG waves during the state we dream in appear alert & attentive when woken up muscular paralysis cerebral blood flow & oxygen increased + thermoregulation decreased |
| in which stage of sleep do we see penile erection & vaginal secretion? | REM sleep |
| what are the 5 neurotransmitters involved in arousal (wakefulness & alertness) | acetylcholine serotonin norepinephrine orexin histamine |
| what do acetylcholine agonists & antagonists do? | agonists = increase EEG signs of cortical arousal antagonists: decreases |
| what neurotransmitters are found in the hippocampus? | acetylcholine & histamine |
| where does acetylcholine need to be to cause wakefulness? | basal forebrain |
| when is norepinephrine highest? | during wakefulness |
| noradrenergic neurons found where is suggested to do with vigilance? | locur coeruleus |
| what does serotonin cause & where does it need to be stimulated to do so? | locomotion & cortical arousal -- raphe nuclei |
| where is orexin found? | hypothalamus |
| what effect does orexin have & in what regions? | excitatory effect in cerebral cortex |
| what 3 factors is sleep controlled by? | homeostatic (presence of absence of adenosine), allostatic (mediated by hormonal or neural responses), circadian |
| what is necessary for sleep? | inhibition of arousal system |
| what neurons, found where helps suppress the activity of the arousal system? | GABAnergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area |
| What does the sleep wake flip flop say? | flip flop on = alert, not sleepy flip flop off = sleepy, not alert |
| what is mutual inhibition | when only one of the two systems can stay on |
| what helps balance this flip flop? | orexinergic neurons from the hypothalamus |
| what factors control the activity of these neurons? | biological clock, hunger activates, satiety inhibits, build up of adenosine |
| which neurons fire at a high rate for REM sleep? | acetylcholine |
| does REM have a flip flop system? | yes |
| is orexin is high & activated, what does that mean for REM sleep? | keeps it off -- dont go into REM sleep |
| where are the neurons for the off & on vers. of the REM flip flop? | on = pons off = midbrain |
| which neurons help control the muscular paralysis in REM sleep? | motor neurons in spinal cord -- which become inhibited |
| what does deprivation of SWS affect? | cognitive abilities |
| what happens to the cerebral cortex in SWS? | metabolic rate & blood flow drops by 75%; kind of "shuts down" and goes into rest |
| what is the rebound phenomenon | when we have a larger period of REM sleep in our next session of sleep if we're deprived of it |
| what are the two types of large memories involved in sleep? | declarative & nondeclarative |
| which sleep works best for whihc memories? | REM for nondeclarative SWS helps with declarative |
| who suggested the sleep-dependent memory triage? | stickgold & walker (2013), but no proper neuropsychological mechanism identified yet |
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