Intro to Sociology

Pregunta	Respuesta
Auguste Comte	Founded sociology, positivism Systematic study of society
Harriet Martineau	Introduced sociology to England Focused on the domestic sphere
Karl Marx	Founded conflict perspective Studied bourgeoisie and proletariat
Herbert Spencer	applied theories of Darwin to societies the term "survival of the fittest"
Emile Durkheim	Social bonds: mechanical solidarity or organic solidarity Wrote about social facts as external influences on behavior
Jane Addams	Focused on child labor, working hours, industrial safety, womens rights Helped found ACLU
Max Weber	Focused on bureaucracies and rationalization of society Wrote: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
W.E.B. DuBois	term"double consciousness" Wrote about African American social identities and experiences First African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	Focus on micro-level processes day-to-day social interactions
Symbolic Interactionist Vocabulary	Symbols, language, labels, meaning, interaction, observation
Conflict Perspective	Macro-level analysis observes large-scale social processes wealthy / working class
Conflict Perspective founder	Karl Marx
Conflict Perspective wealth/working class	Wealth: bourgeoisie working class: proletariat
Conflict perspective vocabulary	power, scarce resources, competition, inequality, struggle, disparities
Functionalist perspective founder	Emile Durkheim
Functionalist vocabulary	Stability, function, dysfunction, manifest function, latent function
Manifest function	intended consequences of our actions
Latent functions	unintended consequences of our actions
Functionalist perspective study	The interconnected web of systems or structures, each has a specific purpose. If one system fails the entire system is threatened. The balance of society
Robert Merton	Function, dysfunction manifest functions, latent functions
Robert Merton Function	beneficial consequences of our actions
Robert Merton Dysfunction	harmful consequences of our actions
Robert Merton Manifest functions	intended consequences of our actions
Robert Merton Latent functions	unintended consequences of our actions
feminist perspective	inequality between men and women with action steps to fix or improve society
feminist perspective gender wage gap	difference in wages of men and women
feminist perspective glass ceiling	invisible barrier keeping women from advancing
feminist perspective sexual harassment	unwelcome advances
feminist vocabulary	oppression, feminism, action steps, policies, legislation, social change
Feminism	political and sociological movement recognizing inequalities between sexes
intersectional feminism	social factors, race, ethnicity, class, gender, sexual orientation
ethnocentrism	judgmental towards another culture, being superior
taboos	forbidden rules, example: incest or cannibalism
folkways	every day customs, informal rules
gender roles	society norms aligned with sex
George Herbert Meades 3 phases	preparatory stage play stage game stage
preparatory stage	Children learn by imitating the behavior and gestures of others
Play stage	Children begin to act out social roles they observe in their environment
Game stage	Children learn to relate to others by participating in organized games and activities
Meades theory	Explains how self-identity develops through social interactions
Looking glass self	A person's self-image is shaped mainly by how they believe others perceive them
"Mores"	The social norms and customs that are widely accepted and observed within a particular culture or society
socialization	learning how to be a member of society
agents of socialization	family, peer institutions, mass media
culture	Collection of values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms that define a group of people or society
subculture	cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture
countercultural	A culture or movement that opposes or rejects the values and norms of mainstream society
self-image	perception of ourselves
self-concept	Fixed self does not change
aggregate	To gather or collect into a whole or mass, but no one knows each other
category	Share traits or characteristics
status	position occupied, group, society
role attitude	attached to a given status
role expectation	expectations for behavior
status set	All statuses a person holds
master status	dominant statuses example: doctor over father
role conflict	employee and parent example: have places to be as a parent and employee at the same time

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