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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| Photon | A packet of light |
| Chlorophyll | the light-absorbing green-coloured pigment that begins the process of photosynthesis |
| Chloroplast | a membrane bound organelle in green plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis |
| Stroma | the protein-rich semiliquid material in the interior of a chloroplast |
| Thylakoid | a system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within the stroma of a chloroplast |
| Grana (singular: granum) | stacks of thylakoids |
| Lamellae (singular: lamella) | groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana |
| Thylakoid Membrane | the photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light-gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains |
| Thylakoid Lumen | the fluid-filled space inside a thylakoid |
| ATP | a molecule containing three high-energy phosphate bonds that acts as the primary energy-transferring molecule in living organisms |
| ADP | a molecule containing two high-energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP |
| NADP+ | a compound that accepts one hydrogen atom and two electrons, forming NADPH; is an electron acceptor |
| NADPH | a compound that donates one hydrogen atom and two electrons to another molecule, to reform NADP+; is an electron donor |
| Light-dependent reactions | the first set of reactions of photosynthesis in which light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, powers chemiosmotic ATP synthesis, and results in the reduction of NADP |
| Carbon fixation | the process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules |
| Calvin Cycle | a cyclic set of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts that fixes the carbon of CO2 into carbohydrate molecules and recycles coenzymes |
| Light-independent Reactions | the second set of reactions in photosynthesis (the Calvin cycle); these reactions do not require solar energy |
| Photosystem | a cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in a thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy |
| Electron Transport Chain | a series of progressively stronger electron acceptors; each time an electron is transferred, energy is released |
| Photolysis | a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light; in photosynthesis, water molecules are split by photolysis |
| Oxidation | a reaction in which an atom or molecule loses electrons |
| Reduction | a reaction in which an atom or molecule gains electrons |
| ATP synthase complex | a specialized protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane that allows H+ ions to escape from the lumen and uses the resulting energy to generate ATP |
| Chemiosmosis | a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme |
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