Chemistry unit 3 definitions

Pregunta	Respuesta
Arenes	Aromatic hydrocarbons with one or more benzene rings
Delocalised electrons	Electrons shared between more than 2 atoms
Addition reaction	Reaction where a reactant is added to a unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule 2 reactants = 1 product
Substitution reaction	An atom or group of atoms are replaced by a different atom or group of atoms 2 reactants = 2 products
Electrophile	An atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron rich centre, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a dative covalent bond
Electrophilic substitution	A type of substitution reaction where an electrophile is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a dative covalent bond
Reaction mechanism	The series of steps that together make up the overall reaction
Functional group	Part of the molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions
Electronegativity	The measure of attraction of a bonded pair of electrons in a covalent bond
Redox reaction	A reaction where oxidation and reduction both occur
Reflux	The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction the contents of the flask boiling dry
Nucleophile	An atom or group of atoms attracted to an electron deficient centre where it donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond
Curly arrow	Symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond
Esterification	The reaction between an alcohol and carboxylic acid to make an ester and water
Hydrolysis	The reaction with water or hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds
Low density lipoprotein	Responsible for carrying cholesterol and triglycerides from the litter to tissues
High density lipoproteins	Can remove cholesterol from the arteries and transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilisation
Peptide	Compound made of amino acids liked by peptide bonds
Zwitterion	Dipolar ionic form of an amino acid that is formed by the donation of a hydrogen ion from the carboxyl group to the amino group. As both charges are present there is no overall charge
Isoelectric point	The pH value at which the amino acid exists as a zwitterion
Condensation reaction	Two smaller molecules react together to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a smaller molecule, water
Hydrolysis	Breaking of a bond by reaction with water Can be catalised by acid or alkali
Stereoisomers	A species with same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space
Chiral carbon	Carbon atom attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms
Optical isomers	Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of eachother
Repeat unit	The specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again Drawn in brackets, outside symbol, n
Biodegradable polymer	A polymer that breaks down into carbon dioxide and water
Degradable polymer	A polymer that breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to light, heat or moisture
Pharmacological activity	The beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter
Phase	Physically distinctive form of a substance of ordinary matter
Mobile phase	The phase that moves in chromatography
Stationary phase	The phase that does not move in chromatography
Adsorption	The process by which a solid holds molecules of a gas or liquid or solute as a thin film on the surface of a solid, rarely liquid
Chromatogram	A visible record showing the result of separation of the components of a mixture by chromatography
Rt	Distance moved by component ------------------------------------------------ Distance moved by solvent
Retention time	In gas chromatography, is the time for a component to pass from the column inlet to the detector
Chemical shift	A scale that compares the frequency of an NMR absorption with the frequency of the reference peak of TMS at 0 ppm

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