Ch. 2 Psychology

Pregunta	Respuesta
Hindsight Bias	when, after an event occurs, we feel we already knew what was going to happen
Overconfidence	refers to the tendency to be very sure of a fact and later finding that the objective reality was different.
Scientific Method	a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested.
Hypothesis	a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
Operational Definitons	a result of the process of operationalization and is used to define something
Case Study	a study of an individual unit, as a person, family, or social group, usually emphasizing developmental issues and relationships with the environment, especially in order to compare a larger group to the individual unit.
Survey	to take a general or comprehensive view of or appraise, as a situation, area of study
Naturalistic Observation	is a method of observing people in their normal environment.
Correlation	mutual relation of two or more things, parts, etc.
Correlation Coefficient	a statistical measure of the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another.
Scatterplot	a set of points plotted on a horizontal and vertical axes. Image: 6551a878-b037-4527-bfce-48ee587cd66a.gif (image/gif)
Illusory Correlation	refers to when we perceive that a relationship exists between two variables (i.e. behaviors, events, items, or people) when there is not a strong relationship between the two.
Central Tendency	describes average of a distribution. Median is middle scpre when data is ordered by size. Mean is average of scores. Mode is most frequent score.
Confounding Variables	Factors that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group other than the independent variable.
Descriptive Statistics	Numbers that summarize a set of research data from a sample.
Ethical guidelines for Human Research	10 informed consent 2) Voluntary participation 3) Debriefing 4) Con fidentiality
Experiment	Research method that involves manipulation of an independent variable under controlled conditions and measurement of its effects on a dependent variable.
Experimental Group	Group your experimenting on
Inferential Statisctics	Statistics used to interpret data and draw conclusions.
Normal Distribution	Represented by a normal curve symmetric with mean, mode, and median the same score.
Placebo	Physical of psychological treatment give to the control group that resembles the treatment given to the experimental group, but contains no active ingredients.
Population	All of the individuals in the group to which the study applies.
Quantitative Data	Information can be reported as numbers for ease of handling.
Quasi-Experiment	Measurement of DV when random assignment to groups of randomly selected sample is not possible.
Random Assignment	Division of the sample in an experiment into groups so that every individual has an equal chance of being put in any group of conditions.
Random Selection	Choosing of members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of ebing chosen for a sample.
Reliability	Consistency or repeatability of results.
Skewed Distribution	Distribution with most scores squeezed to one end, few scores stretch out like tail.
Research Bias	Tendency for researchers to look for evidence that supports their hypothesis & ignore contradictory evidence.
Participant Bias	Tendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed.
Positive Correlation	+1.00; means 2 variables move in opposite directions indicates there is NO relationship between 2 variables.
Negative Correlation	-1.00; mena 2 variables move in opposite directions.
Zero Correlation	Indicates there is NO relationship between 2 variables.
Longitudinal Study	studies a single individual or a group over an extended period of time.
Cross-sectional study	Compares individuals at various ages at ONE POINT in time.
Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance.
Dependent Varibale	What is being measured in an experiment.
Mean	the average.
Median	middle score
Mode	the most
Normal Distribution	forms a bell shaped or symmetrical curve (upside down U)
68-95-99.7 Rule	means 68% of all scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean.
Standard Deviation	Shows how far scores vary from the mean score.
Ethical Principles for Animal Research	1) Research must have a clear, scientific purpose. 2) Provide humane living conditions for animals. 3) Legally obtain animals 4) Least amount of suffering.

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