Vocabulary Words (Chapter 2)

Pregunta	Respuesta
Ethical Principles for Animal Research	1. Research must have a clear, scientific purpose 2. Provide humane living conditions for animals
Standard Deviation	Shows how far scores vary from the mean score
68-95-99.7 Rule	means 68% of all scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean: Approx. 95% of all scores fall within two standard deviations of the mean; 99.7% of all scores fall within three standard deviations of the mean
Normal Distribution	Forms a bell shaped or symmetrical curve (upside down U)
Mode	The most frequently occurring score
Median	The middle score; score that divides a frequency distribution exactly in half; so that the same number of scores lie on each side of it
Mean	the average; sum of a set of scores divided by the number of scores
Operational Definitions	Statement of your procedures; identifies the IV and DV, sampling and assignment
Dependent Variable	what is being measured in an experiment the research variable that "depends" on the independent variable
Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
Cross-sectional study	compares individuals at various ages at ONE POINT in time. (one and done)
Longitudinal Study	studies a single individual or a group over an extended period of time. Provide in depth information but can be expensive & time consuming
Zero correlation	Indicates there is NO relationship between 2 variables Ex. hat size & shoe size
Negative Correlation	-1.00 (closest to it): means 2 variables move in opposite directions
Positive Correlation	+1.00 (closest to it): means 2 variables move in the same direction. Ex. Positive relationship between smoking and lung cancer
Correlation coefficent	a number value that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
Correlation Studies	researchers observe or measure a relationship between variables
Participant Bias	tendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed
Researcher bias	tendency for researchers to look for evidence that supports their hypothesis & ignore contradictory evidence
Surveys	descriptive method; uses questionnaires or interviews
Skewed Distribution	Distribution with most scores squeezed to one end, few scores stretch out like a tail. Skew named for direction of tail. Negatively skewed--skewed to left. Positively skewed--skewed to right. Mean pulled in direction of tail away from median; median measures centrality best.
Reliability	Consistency or repeatability of results. Split halves reliability compares scores on one half to the other half. Test retest reliability compares scores by different scorers of the same tests.
Random Selection	Choosing of members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen for a sample
Random Assignment	Division of the sample in an experiment into groups so that every individual has an equal chance of being put in any group or condition. Is not possible for studies dealing with differences between sexes or age groups
Quasi-Experiment	Measurement of DV ( dependent variable) when random assignment to groups of a randomly selected sample is not possible. Often applies to studies involving sex or age of participants. Can suggest cause and effect
Quantitative Data	Information can be reported as numbers for ease of handling. Nominal scale uses numbers to name something, can be used to count cases. Ordinal scale can be ranked, ordered. Numbers cannot be averaged
Population	All of the individuals in the group to which the study applies. A sample is a subgroup of the population that participants in the study
Placebo	Physical or psychological treatment given to the control group that resembles the treatment given to the experimental group, but contains no active ingredients. Placebo effect-response to belief that the IV will have an effect, rather than the actual effect of the IV
Normal Distribution	Represented by a normal curve (upside down U shape)-symmetric with mean, mode, and median the same score; 2 sides are mirror images. Represents data about how most humans traits are distributed through population. Examples: SAT, IQ
Naturalistic Observations	observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Inferential Statistics	Statistics used to interpret data and draw conclusions. Uses rules to evaluate probability that a correlation of difference between groups reflects a real relationship, not just chance (p)is the measure of real difference, p< .05 or p< .01 needed
Hypothesis	Prediction of how 2 or more factors are likely to be related
Experimental Group	Group that you experimenting on, receives the independent variables
Experiment	Research method that involves manipulation of an independent variable under controlled conditions and measurement of its effects on a dependent variable. Only method that can establish cause and effect between IV and DV
Ethical guidelines for Human Research	10 informed consent 2) Voluntary participation 3)Debriefing 4)Confidentiality
Descriptive Statistics	Numbers that summarize a set of research data from a sample. Can be pictured as histogram or frequncy polygon
Confounding Variables	Facotrs that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group other than the independent variable. Example: Experimenter bias (also called expectancy effect)- occurs when a researcher's expectations about the outcome of a study influence the results
Central Tendency	Describes average of a distribution. Median is middle score when data is ordered by size. Mean is arithmetic average of scores. Mode is most frequent score, bimodal distribution has 2 most frequent scores, multimodal distribution has 3 or more
Case Studies	research technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles EX Phineas Gage

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