4466665
Descripción
Fichas por gina_sweetangel0, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por gina_sweetangel0
hace casi 9 años
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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| Semi-permeable Membrane | regulates substances permitted to enter cell |
| Concentration Gradient | difference between concentration inside the membrane and outside the membrane |
| Passive Transport | Processes to move substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in and out of the cell without an input of energy (diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion) |
| Diffusion | Net movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (until concentrations in both areas are equal) |
| Factors Affecting Diffusion | -temperature (higher temp=more energy=faster rate of diffusion) -pressure(higher pressure=molecules forced to diffuse=increase rate of diffusion) -molecule polarity (polar molecules have it harder than non-polar molecules, so rate of diffusion is lower for polar molecules) -molecule charge (charged ions and molecules cannot diffuse across membrane) -molecule size (larger the size, rate of diffusion slows down as difficulty to diffuse increases) |
| Osmosis | Movement of water molecules, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane |
| Hypotonic | Solution that has lower concentration (water enters the cell, and it might burst) (in plant cells, central vacuole fills, pressure increases and chloroplasts against cell wall) |
| Hypertonic | Solution that has higher concentration (water leaves the cell, and it shrivels (crenation)) (in plant cells, and central vacuole shrinks which leads to plasmolysis) **if a solvent in continuously added outside a cell, the water will leave ie. fertilizer and roots of plant, dog pee** |
| Isotonic | Both solutions have equal concentration of the substance (in animal cells, there is no net movement of water) |
| Lysis | Cell bursts (when there is more solvent in the cell than outside, then water goes in and bursts the cell) |
| Plasmolysis | Cytoplasm shrinks away from cell wall/membrane (ie. when there is more water inside the cell than outside, so water moves out of the cell and it shrivels up) |
| Facilitated Diffusion | A membrane protein assists diffusion along the concentration gradient (facilitated by proteins) |
| Channel Protein | -have hydrophilic interior -provides aqueous channel for specific molecules to cross membrane (ie. polar molecule) -tube, helix, gates Permit passage of ions or polar molecules Ie. sodium channel allows sodium ions to go across membrane |
| Carrier Proteins | -binds to and transports an ion or molecule(s) from outside of cell to inside of cell along concentration gradient -can change shape will transporting -sometimes more than one particle is transported therefore rate of diffusion usually lower compared to channels **also perform active transport** PACMAN |
| Details Carrier Proteins | Can transport larger molecules ie. glucose and amino acids Directional passage as tied to energy |
| Active Transport | transport of a solute across membrane AGAINST gradient, using a protein carrier that requires energy ie. ATP |
| Primary Active Transport | uses ATP directly to move molecules or ions from one side of membrane to the other (CARRIER PROTEIN) |
| Secondary Active Transport | uses electrical gradient as a source of energy to transport molecules across membrane |
| Primary Active Transport Details | Ie. ion pumps Sodium-potassium pump transports sodium out of cell, and transports potassium inside cell **occurs against concentration gradient** |
| Secondary Active Transport Details | *electrical gradient-combination of concentration gradient and electrical potential across membrane (stores energy that can be used by the cell) Ie. hydrogen-sucrose pump (hydrogen particles pumped out of cell, gradient by hydrogen ions allows sucrose ions to bind to carrier protein pump and go inside cell) AGAINST GRADIENT |
| Membrane Assisted Transport | process used to transfer too large molecules for membrane through carrier or channel protein |
| Endocytosis (vesicle formation) | Cell engulfs extracellular material by folding membrane around it, and then pinching to form a vesicle inside cell |
| Pinocytosis | Endocytosis involving liquid particles (Cell drinking) |
| Phagocytosis | Endocytosis involving solid particles (Cell eating) (ie. fragments of an organism) |
| Receptor mediated endocytosis | Use of receptor proteins on a portion of the membrane that bind with specific outside molecules (coated pit=that portion of the membrane, and this pit folds inward during endocytosis form a vesicle) |
| Exocytosis (vesicle fusion) | Exit of particles from membrane to the outer environment Vacuole joins membrane and releases its contents outside the cell (taking out the trash) |
| Exocytosis Examples | Means of secreting hormones, digestive enzymes (in intestines) and neurotransmitters Sebum that lubricates human skin |
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