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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| Case Studies | Research technique in which one person is studied in depth (ex. Phineas Gage) |
| Central Tendency | Describes average of a distribution (mean, median, and mode) |
| Confounding Variables | Factors that cause differences between the experimental group, and the control group (ex. Experimenter bias) |
| Descriptive Statistics | Numbers that summarize a set of research data from a sample |
| Ethical guidelines for Human Research | 1. Informed Consent 2. Voluntary Participation 3. Debriefing 4. Confidentiality |
| Experiment | Research method that involves manipulation of its effects on a IV and DV *only method that can establish cause and effect between IV & DV* |
| Experimental Group | Group that receives the IV |
| Hypothesis | Educated guess |
| Inferential Statistics | Statistics used to interpret data and draw conclusions |
| Naturalistic Observations | Observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| Normal Distribution | Forms a bell-shaped or symmetrical curve (upside down U) |
| Placebo | "Fake" treatment |
| Population | All of the individuals in the group to which the study applies |
| Quantitative Data | Quantitative data are more numerical type of data that can manipulated and presented in graph form |
| Quasi-Experiment | Measurement of DV when random assignment to groups of a randomly selected sample is not possible. |
| Random Assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance |
| Random Selection | Choosing of members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being choose for a sample |
| Reliability | Consistency or repeatability of results |
| Skewed Distribution | Distribution with most scores squeezed to one end (negatively skewed-skewed to the left, positively skewed- skewed to the right) |
| Surveys | Descriptive Method, uses questionnaires or interviews |
| Researcher bias | tendency for researchers to look for evidence that supports their hypothesis & ignore contradictory evidence |
| Participant bias | tendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed |
| Correlation Studies | researchers observe or measure a relationship between variables |
| Correlation coefficient | a number value that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables |
| Positive Correlation | 2 variables move in the same direction |
| Negative Correlation | 2 variables move in the opposite direction |
| Zero Correlation | indicates there is NO relationship between two variables |
| Longitudinal Study | studies a single individual or group over an extended period of time. |
| Cross-sectional study | compares individuals at various ages at *ONE POINT* in time |
| Dependent variable | what is being measured in an experiment; the research that "depends" on the IV |
| Operational Definitions | statement of your procedures, identifies the IV & DV, sampling and assignment |
| 68-95-99.7 Rule | means 68% of all scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean; 99.7% of all scores fall within three standard deviations of the mean |
| Standard deviation | shows how far scores vary from the mean score |
| Mean | average |
| Median | the middle score |
| Mode | the most frequently occurring score |
| Ethical Principles for Animal Research | 1. Research must have a clear, scientific purpose 2. Provide humane living conditions for animals 3. Legally obtain animals 4. Least amount of suffering |
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