Criminology Chapter 6

Pregunta	Respuesta
trait theories	combines bio + psychological attributes explain crime, each offender is unique, physically, mentally, behaviourally
Biological trait theory Cesare Lombroso	born criminal, to ID primitive atavistic anomalies using scientific methods
Raffaele Garofalo	certain physical characteristics indicate nature, ex pain tolerance, tattooing
Enrico Ferri	biological/ organic factors caused delinquency/crime. criminals should not be held morally acountable
William Sheldon somatype school	an idea used in a system developed for categorizing ppl on basis of their body build ex ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph
trait theorists used scientific methods of ...	experimental research, control groups. disadvantage is the labelling of certain ppl and assuming they are their ID.
Sociobiology Edmund O. Wilson	branch of science that views human Bhav as being motivated by inborn bio. urges & desires: to survive & reproduce motivates humans
Sociobiologists view...	genes ultimate unit that control life, envir+situation impacts behaviour, bio, envir, learning mutually interdependent factors
Modern Sociobiologist believe	that physical, envir, social conditions work together to produce human Bhav
Equipotentiality	concept that individuals are equal birth & thereafter are influenced by their envir
Instincts	mechanism by w/h routine actions & Bhav are known automatically w/out being learned
Sociobiologist principles	1. Everyone is born w/ different physical make up 2. importance of brain functioning, mental, learning process 3. Instincts activate Bhav
4 Biosocial Theories of crime	1. Biochemical 2. Neurological 3. Genetic/Epigentics 4. Evolutionary
Biochemical	believe that those are genetically predetermined and acquired through diet + envir. ex B12 deficiency leads to depression
High levels of sugar in the diet indicate what?	attention-span deficiencies, violence and aggression
hypoglycemia	biochemical condition, sugar deficiency, w/h influences Bhav+ criminality, irritable, anxiety, depression, fatigue, insomnia, mood swings
Hormonal Influences James Q Wilson Moral Sense	hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters play key role in understanding human Bhav ex. Males are more aggressive then females due to biology
Androgens	male sex hormones, which have been linked yo criminality
testosterone	male androgen/hormone w/h controls secondary sex characteristics, alter Bhav. ex women w/ higher level = higher aggression
lower SES (socioeconomic status) contributes to	greater stress therefore affects health, aggression, higher cortisol (higher depression)
PMS	biogenetic theory that several days pior 1 to/during menstruation females are beset by irritability/ poor judgement b/c of hormones = tendency toward crime
neuroallergies	reaction in brain affect NS, enzymes that cause swelling in brain
Environmental contaminants	dangerous quantities of copper, cadmium, mercury, inorganic gases linked to illness, disorders, Bhav
high levels of lead to	low IQ, attention problems, delinquency, aggressiveness, poor language skills
neurophysiology	study of brain activity, abnormalities acquired during fetal/ perinatal stage, control Bhav
EEG electroencephalograph	a device that can record electronic impulses given off by brain waves
fetal alcohol syndrome	children exposed to alcohol in the womb, ADHD, poor impulses, speech problems, consequence non reaction
MBD Minimal brain dysfunction	Abnormality in cerebral structure that causes maladaptive Bhav, linked to antisocial acts, urge-control
ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	condition in w/h a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, impulse, hyperactive
psychopathic subects have problems in the...	temporal and frontal regions of brain
Low levels of MAO (mono-amine oxidase) engage in...	defiance of punishment, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, poor academic performance, recreational drug use
deficiency in MAOA in abused children is an indicator of	future violence, criminality
deficiency in MAOA in abused children is an indicator of	future violence, criminality
arousal theory	view that ppl w/ high arousal level seek powerful stimuli to maintain an optimal level of arousal: violence aggression, sociopath
arousal theory	view that ppl w/ high arousal level seek powerful stimuli to maintain an optimal level of arousal: violence aggression, sociopath
extra Y (XYY) chromosome is an indicator of what?	may cause higher levels of violence, homicide.
Twin studies MZ monozygotic twins DZ dizygotic twins	60% of MZ twins share criminal bahviour, 30% of DZ twins share criminal pattern
adoption studies Hutchings, and Mednick	criminality in child is predicted by biological fathers crime Bhav,
Disadvantage of genetic research	1. small sample 2. generalizability 3. inadequate research designs 4. sibling relation & likeness
Evolutionary view	as beings evolved certain traits have become ingrained & responsible for crime ex jealousy
r/K Selection Theory	K-oriented ppl are more cooperative & sensitive to others; r-oriented ppl are more cunning & deceptive. Sets of adaption are needed depending on environmental growth
cheater theory	subpop. of men have evolved to w/ genes that incline them toward extremely low parental involvement, use stealth to gain mates, or rape.
Biosocial criminology flaw	1.lower class commit more crimes infers they are inferior/ flawed in someway 2.lack of empirical evidence 3.Nature vs. Nurture origin 4.non-representative samples
Psychological trait theory	mental aspects of crime, including intelligence, personality, learning, criminal Bhav
Charles Goring	biometric method of study, no pattern to physical trait similarity in criminals, rela. b/w crime & defective intelligence, reproducing delinquents
Gabriel Tarde	ppl learn from process of imitation 1. ppl in close contact Bhav similarly 2. top- down imitation (age, class) 3. new acts impose on old Bhav.
social learning theory Tarde	view that Bhav is modelled on observation of social interaction, direct observation of those who are close, directly through media. Reward/punishment reinforcement
psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) theory	branch of psychology that holds that human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood
repression	a process in w/h unconscious mind contains feelings about sec and hostility; most ppl keep these feelings below surface of consciousness
freud 3 theories of self	id-lizard brain ego-social brain superego-frontal/moral brain
Human Development	1.eros: sexual/pleasure drive at birth 2. anal stage 3.phallic stage:genital focus 4.Latency stage: repress sexuality
Neurosis psychodynamic theory	a syndrome whereby ppl suffer when they experience feelings of mental anguish & are afraid they are losing control of pers.
psychosis	a syndrome in w/h ppl have lost total control & are dominated by their primitive ID; their Bhav may be marked by bizarre episodes, hallucinations, inappropriate repsonses
schizophrenia	bizarre Bhav, hallucinations, loss of thought control, inappropriate emo. response
inferiority complex	a term used to describe the sense of inadequacy held by ppl who compensate for feelings of inferior w/ drive for superiority; need to control
identity crisis	a psychological state, identified by Erikson, in w/h youths face inner turmoil & uncertainty about life roles
August Aichorn latent delinquency	idea that a mental predisposition prepares youths psychologically for antisocial acts
latent delinquency found in youngsters	1. seek immediate gratification 2. consider satisfying personal needs more important than relating to others 3. instinctive urges w/out consideration right/wrong
weak egos are associated w/	immaturity, poor social skills, excessive dependence on others, easily led
undeveloped superegos	dont understand the difference b/ right and wrong
id-dominated ppl	inability to control impulsive, pleasure seeking drives
Behaviour theory	approach that human actions are developed through a variety of learning experiences over course of lifetime
Albert Bandura	ppl are not born w/ ability to act violently, it is learned through aggressive experiences
behaviour modelling	process of learning aggressive acts from 3 principle sources: family members, environmental experiences, mass media
4 factors to influence violent Bhav	1.situation causing arousal, assault/verbal provocation 2. observational aggressive learning 3. belief that aggression will be awarded 4. justified aggression
cognitive school William James, Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener	theory that studies our perceptions of reality & of mental processes required to understand world we live in
Lawrence Kohlberg 6 stages of moral development	1. obedience to power, avoid punishment 2. Taking responsibility for self 3. good motives for self and others 4. Maintaining rules of society 5. Social contract of rights 6. understanding justice, equality, respect
how do cognitive theorists study antisocial Bhav?	information processing through perception and analysis data
Cognitive therapists teach	control over aggressive impulses by finding a solution
Psychoanalysts view illness... Cognitive Psych link.... Bhav theorists look to..	....as retreat from unbearable stress/conflict ...thought disorders/ over stimulation ...environmental influences
Personality	reasonably stable patterns of Bhav, thoughts, emotions distinguish 1 person from another; psychological conflict/ underdevelopment result in neurotic/ psychotic Bhav patterns
psychopathy	a mental disorder, esp. when manifested as antisocial Bhav.
sociopathy	mental disorder characterized by lack of warmth and affection, inappropriate responses, & an inability to learn from experience
antisocial personality	characterized by lack of normal responses to life situation, inability to learn from punishment, violent reactions to non-threatening events
Contributors to Psychopathic personality	unstable parent, parental rejection, lack of love in childhood, inconsistent discipline
Tests used in Personality Trait Testing	Rorschach inkblot test, Thematic Apperception, MMPI
early childhood trauma can create	specific rage to abandonment & spousal homicide
Eugenics in Canada 1920-1972	Sexual Sterilization Act was created to sterilize criminals and keep them from reproducing
Nature Theory	intelligence is largely determined by genetics, low IQ is linked to crime
Nurture Theory Edwin Sutherland	cultural explanations of human behaviour, intelligence is sociological. Criminal Bhav has nothing to do w/ IQ
IQ-crime link	modern IQ tests do not involve race, class but there is still some support lower IQ and crime= James Q Wilson
What therapies work best?	therapeutic, preventive treatment, prisons, medication, community clinics, diet, allergies,non-punitive rehabilitation, counseling, Bhav therapy, Cognitive therapy

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