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Pregunta	Respuesta
Juxtaposition	Two things placed together with contrasting effect
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming
Tripartite repetition	Three successive words used to express an idea.
Consonance	The repetition of consonant sounds in short succession
Double inverted commas	"..." - for methapors, light-hearted tone, visual device
Gerund	Words ending on -ing
Vernacular	Formal language
Colloquial	Informal language (used to establish a friendly relationship with the reader)
Passification	Object first
Empathic	Empathy, sensitive
Rhetoric question	Any question used to persuade (challenges the reader, makes on thinks)
Anecdote	Short personal story (create relationship between reader and writer, more accessible, informal tone)
Sonnet	14 line long poem
Ballad	ABAB rhyme scheme, lines of four and three beats, often telling a story
Witty	Inventive, verbal humour
Lexis	Total stock of words
Epizeuxis	Repetition of words in immediate succession
Symbolism	Object resembles something greater than its own meaning
Anagnorisis	The point in a plot where a character recognizes the true state of affairs
Allegory	One thing meaning another
Dramatic irony	Audience knows the plot of the story but characters do not
Ekphrasis	A vivid, graphic, or dramatic written description of another visual form of affairs
Ambiguity	Open to different interpretations
Didactic tone	Tone used to give information/advice
Metonymy	Replacing the name of a thing with a related concept
Synecdoche	Replacing the name of a thing for any one of its parts
Anaphora	Repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive sentences
Epiphora	Repetition of the same word at the end of successive sentences
Zeugma	Word is used in two ways at the same time
Anthropomorphism	Animal does something humans can only do
Carnavalesque	Mocking or satirical challenge to authority or the traditional social hierarchy
In Medias Res	Story that starts in the middle of the action
Pathos	Emotion
Verisimilitude	Work has resemblance with reality
Ploce	The repetition of a single word for rhetorical emphasis
Conduplicatio	The repetition of a words or words
Expolitio	Repetition of the same idea, changing its words or delivery
Quaestitio	A run of questions asked in succession
Rogatio	Asking a question followed by an immediate answer
Preposition	A word class that tells us where, when and how events take place
Possessive pronoun	Tell us who the noun belong to
Context	The beliefs, intentions and knowlegde of text producers that determine the text but also the way it is understood by the reader
Pattern-forming	Making a particular feature (visual, sound) stand out through repetition
Pattern-breaking	Making a particular feature stand out through emphasising its difference (used to seek attention
Minor sentencing	An incomplete sentence that still conveys meaning (used to create a dramatic mood and a relationship through informal language)
Synthetic personalisation	When the text fakes an artificial relationship with the reader
Scesis onomation	Series of successive synonymous words
Synonymia	Repetition to add force or explain a term
Epimone	Dwelling on or returning to one's strongest argument
Second person pronoun	You (the effect of making the reader feel as if it is directed especially to him)
Inclusive sentencing	Uses 'we' and 'us'to group the readers of the text in with the producers of the text (creates an impression of belonging and safety)
Imperative clause	Used to tell someone to do something ("click here" or "order now")
Lexis	The words themselves (shows what type of audience the text is aimed at)
Semantic fields	Groups of words whose meaning is related by theme
Head word	A word class within the phrase that gives it a bigger identity (often noun --> zelfst. nmw)
Clause	A group of words containing a subject and a verb
Declarative clause	Clauses that convey information (start with the subject of the clause)
Imperative clause	Commands which are directed towards another person (start with verb)
Interrogative clause	Questions which can be open or closed
Exclamative clause	Clause that starts with w/h-prhase and ends with an exclamation mark
Compound sentences	Sentences consisting of two or more clauses linked by 'or', 'but' or 'and'
Anchoring	The meaning of an image is fixed by adding words to support it
Anchoring effect	The common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered
Text-image cohesion	A meaningful relationship between visual and written codes
Orthography	The way in which words are spelled
Graphology	The study of handwriting that conveys something about the writter (can create intimacy, or make words stand out). Writers often make use of shared knowledge when using graphological function features (colours have acquired symbolic meaning).
Paralinguistic features	Non-verbal behaviour and body features that convey meaning beyond words (pitch, tone, quality of voice) - e-discourse have replaced these paralinguistic features for punctuation marks
Interactional language	Language used to maintain social relationships
Transactional language	Language used to carry out business
Adjacency pair	Term used to describe the consecutive set of turns where the second answers the first
Side sequences	Diversions from the original question before it is finally answered
Transition relevance point	Moments when the conversational floor can be taken up by a different participant
Speaker support devices	Devices used to show interest and maintain coversation (yeah, hmh)
Hedge device	Device used to soften what we say or write to remain polite and less direct
Tag question	A brief question that comes at the end of a statement to ask if the statement is correct
Filler words	Words that act as a delay mechanism (uh, uhm, er)
Elliptical construction	Constructions in which words are left out of a sentence but the sentence can still be understood (for economic reasons)
Deictic expression	A phrase that points to the time, place or situation in which a speaker is speaking
Discourse markers	Words used to connect what we say or express attitude (well, anyway, okay, to begin with, often)
Positive politeness strategy	Avoiding giving offenses by highlighting friendliness and trying to make the hearer feel good (through: juxtaposing criticism with compliments, nicknames, common ground, tag questions, slang)
Negative politeness strategy	Avoiding giving offences and imposition on the hearer by showing deference (through: questioning, hedging, and presenting disagreements such as opinion)
William Labov's narrative driven theory	Speaking structures follow the same narrative --> Abstract (signal that one is about to speak) + Orientation (signalling the ‘who’, ‘where’ and ‘when’) + Complicating action (the main events) + Resolution (completing the events) + Coda (a signal the narrative has come to an end)
Evaluations	Coming out of the main story to provide one's opinion
Problem-solution discourse	Seen in instruction manuals, horoscopes and editorials
Presenting ideas in binary opposition	A technique that places ideas or language structures in direct contrast to each other
Idealogy	A set of beliefs that governs the way we think about the world
Letter homophone	Using a letter because it sounds the same as part of the word
Euphony	Harmonious sounding of words
Cacopohony	Discordance and harsh sounding of words
Simile	Comparison of one thing with another things of different kind to make the description more vivid (As tall as a giraffe)
Metaphor	Comparison in which one thing is said to be another
Hyperbole	Exaggeration that cannot be true
Personification	Giving human qualities to non-human things
Onomatopoeia	A word with the same sound as its referent
Idiom	Group of words whose meanin is not understood from their literal meaning (After a soccer game my team was on cloud 9)
Allusion	Reference to famous person, place or event (the gold medal winer was a Cinderella story)
Oxymoron	A phrase whose words contradict each other with opposite meanings
Antithesis	Contrast
Parenthesis	"(...)" - used to clarify or for mocking purpose
Bastial imagery	Give people animal-like qualities
Epithet	A characterizing word of phrase firmly associated with a person or thing and often used in place of an actual name
Chiasmus	A reversal in the order of words in in two otherwise parallel phrases, as in “He went to the country, to the town went she.”
Circular argument	Obvious answer
Apotheosis	The climax
Pun	A humerous play on words to suggest a different meaning
Anachronism	Something that is historically inaccurate
Archaic	Language that is old-fashioned
Caricature	A character described through the exaggeration of a small number of features one possesses
Fable	A short stroy that present a clear moral lesson
Paradox	A statement that appears contradictory, but when considered more closely is seen to contain truth
Rhetoric	The art of writing in such a way as to persuade an audience to a particular point of view
Soliloquy	When a character in a play speaks his thoughts aloud
Visual code	non-verbal language
Vague expression	An expression that is deliberately imprecise used to maintain relationships in informal context

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